Nervous System

Question 0

Why myelin sheath?

Answer 0

To prevent signal loss and to speed up signals

Question 1

Name of cell body in nervous system

Answer 1

Soma

Question 2

What produces myelin?

Answer 2

Oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in the periphery

Question 3

Resting membrane potential

Answer 3

-70, the inside is more negative

Question 4

Which ion is in a high concentration inside the neuron

Answer 4

[K+]

Question 5

What restores the potential after action potential

Answer 5

Na+, K+ ATPase

Question 6

What is the ratio of Na K movement when restoring gradient

Answer 6

Three Na+ out for every 2 K+ in

Question 7

Inhibitory inputs cause

Answer 7

Hyper polarization because it makes the cell more negative

Question 8

Threshold value

Answer 8

-55 to -40 will make an action potential go

Question 9

What is the first step of depolarization

Answer 9

Na+ channels open and follow a strong electric and chemical gradient for sodium to move into the cell. This causes the cell potential to become positive.

Question 10

At what point do the sodium channels close after depolarization

Answer 10

+35

Question 11

What is the trigger for potassium gates channels to open

Answer 11

Positive potential caused by opened Ca channels

Question 12

When do potassium channels close after depolarization

Answer 12

Once membrane potential is restored, although sometimes it is overshot resulting in hyper polarization

Question 13

The movement down an axon terminal is called

Answer 13

Pulse propagation

Question 14

The longer the axon, the ____ the resistance and the ___ the conduction

Answer 14

Higher, slower

Question 15

Is the entire membrane permeable?

Answer 15

No only at nodes of ranvier, causing skipping

Question 16

What is the skipping down the membrane called

Answer 16

Saltatory conduction

Question 17

How are neurotransmitters broken down in the synaptic cleft?

Answer 17

Some are broken down by enzymatic reactions some use reputable carriers to be recycled back into the presynaptic neuron

Question 18

Afferent neurons

Answer 18

Neurons that carry information from the periphery to the brain or spinal cord.

Question 19

Efferent neuron

Answer 19

Carry info from the spinal cord or brain to the body

Question 20

Interneurons

Answer 20

Only involved in local circuits

Question 21

Neural cell bodies that cluster in the peripheral nervous system

Answer 21

Ganglia

Question 22

Neural cell bodies that cluster in the central nervous system

Answer 22

Nuclei

Question 23

Components of the central nervous system

Answer 23

Brain and spinal cord

Question 24

White matter

Answer 24

Unmyelinated axons

Question 25

Components of the forebrain

Answer 25

Telencephalon and diencephalon

Question 26

Gray matter

Answer 26

Unmyelinated cell bodies and dendrites

Question 27

Components of telencephalon

Answer 27

Frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes

Question 28

Function of cerebral cortex

Answer 28

Gray matter for highest level functioning including creative thought and future planning. Integrates thought and controls movement.

Question 29

How to hemispheres communicate

Answer 29

Corpus callosum

Question 30

Components of the diencephalon

Answer 30

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 31

Function of the thalamus

Answer 31

Gateway for all sensory information

Question 32

Function of hindbrain

Answer 32

Many involuntary functions

Question 33

Components of the hindbrain

Answer 33

Cerebellum, pond, and medulla which make up brain stem

Question 34

Function of cerebellum

Answer 34

Quality control agent. Checks that the motor signal sent from the cortex is in agreement with the sensory information from the body

Question 35

The most highly conserved part of the brain

Answer 35

Medulla

Question 36

Function of medulla

Answer 36

Ventilation rate, heart rate, gastrointestinal tone

Question 37

Why do people stumble when drink

Answer 37

It has massive effects on cerebellum

Question 38

Four regions of the spinal cord

Answer 38

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral

Question 39

Monosynaptic reflex arc

Answer 39

Single synapse.

Question 40

Polysynaptic reflex arc

Answer 40

At least one interneuron between the sensory and motor neuron.

Question 41

Major difference between SNS and ANS

Answer 41

ANS is a two neuron system. The first is preganglionic and the second is postganglionic

Question 42

What do the neurons use in the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 42

Preganglionic uses acetylcholine and postganglionic uses norepinephrine

Question 43

What neurotransmitters does the parasympathetic nervous system use

Answer 43

Acetylcholine, the vagus nerve is also responsible for many thoracic and abdominal effects.

Question 44

How is pain detected

Answer 44

Nociceptors

Question 45

How is the eye supplied with nutrients and oxygen

Answer 45

Choroid

Question 46

What adjusts the thickness of the lens

Answer 46

Ciliary muscles

Question 47

What are the two eye photoreceptors and what do they detect

Answer 47

Rods - transmission of black an white images and low intensity illumination. Only pigment is rhodopsin Cones - color images

Question 48

After excitation with light how to photoreceptors relay signals

Answer 48

Send signal to bipolar cells which send info to retinal ganglion cells which bundle to form optic nerve

Question 49

Function of the outer ear

Answer 49

Collects waves and channels them to the tympanic membrane

Question 50

Three components of the middle ear

Answer 50

Malleus, incus, and stapes

Question 51

Function of midear

Answer 51

The midear vibrates and sends sounds to the cochlea and semicircular canals

Question 52

Function of hair cells in inner ear

Answer 52

They are depolarized and send an electric signal to the auditory nerve of the brain

Question 53

Which part is a key for balance

Answer 53

Semicircular canals filled with endolymph

Question 54

Where do sensory neurons synapse

Answer 54

Dorsal spinal cord

Question 55

Where do motor neurons synapse

Answer 55

Ventral spinal cord

Question 56

Which structure in the ear transducers pressure wars to action potentials

Answer 56

Organ of corti