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Endocrine System Flashcards

0
Q

Prolactin

A

From anterior pituitary, stimulates milk production and secretion

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1
Q

GH

A

From anterior pituitary, stimulates bone and muscle growth

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2
Q

ACTH

A

From anterior pituitary, stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids

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3
Q

TSH

A

From anterior pituitary, stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones

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4
Q

LH

A

From anterior pituitary, stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone synthesis in males

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5
Q

FSH

A

From anterior pituitary, stimulates follicle maturation in females and spermatogenesis in males

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6
Q

Oxytocin

A

Synthesized in hypothalamus, secreted by posterior pituitary. Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk secretion during lactation

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7
Q

ADH vasopressin

A

Synthesized in hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary, stimulates ware absorption in the kidneys

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8
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

From thyroid, stimulates metabolic activity

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9
Q

Calcitonin

A

From thyroid, decreases the blood calcium level

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10
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

From parathyroid, increases the blood calcium levels

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11
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

From adrenal cortex, increases blood glucose level and decrease protein synthesis

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12
Q

Mineralcorticoids

A

From adrenal cortex, increase water absorption in the kidneys

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13
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Adrenal medulla, increas blood glucose level and heart rate

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14
Q

Glucagon

A

Pancreas, stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver, increases blood glucose

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15
Q

Insulin

A

Pancreas, stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver, increases blood glucose

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16
Q

Somatostatin

A

Pancreas, suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin

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17
Q

Testosterone

A

Testis, maintains male secondary sex characteristics

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18
Q

Progesterone

A

Ovary/placenta, promotes growth and maintenance of endometrium

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19
Q

Estrogen

A

Ovary placenta , maintains female secondary sex charactaristics

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20
Q

Melatonin

A

Pineal, unclear in humans

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21
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Kidney, stimulates bone marrow to increase production of erythrocytes.

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22
Q

Atrial natriuretic hormone

A

Heart, involved in osmoregulation

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23
Q

Thymosin

A

Thymus, stimulates T lymphocytes development

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24
Autocrine
A cell stimulates itself
25
Endocrine glands in the brain
Pineal body, hypothalamus, pituitary gland.
26
Endocrine glands in the body
Parathyroid, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, and ovaries
27
Hypothalamus controls the ____
Pituitary
28
Hypothalamic control pituitary is via ____ signaling
Paracrine hormones into the hypophyseal portal system (hypophysis is a name for the pituitary)
29
Posterior pituitary releases
Oxytocin, ADH
30
Anterior pituitary releases
GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, and prolactin
31
Pathway of releasing glucocorticoids
1. Hypothalamus releases CRH 2. Flows to anterior pituitary 3. ACTH is released 4. ACTH stimulates adrenal glands to secrete glucocorticoids 5. In extreme situations the hypothalamus also secretes vasopressin to further activate adrenals. 6. Negative feedback mechanism
32
Mnemonic to remember seven hormones of the anterior pituitary
``` FLAT PEG FSH LH ACTH TSH PROLACTIN ENDORPHINS GH ```
33
GnRH from hypothalamus releases ____ from anterior pituitary
FSH and LH
34
When the hypothalamus secretes PIF (prolactin inhibitory factor)
The anterior pituitary does not release prolactin
35
CRF from the hypothalamus
Stimulates ACTH from the anterior pituitary
36
Tumor in the pituitary often causes
Compression of the portal system from hypothalamus. Excessive prolactin
37
The hypothalamus is connected to the posterior pituitary via
Nerves
38
Hormones from the anterior pituitary that are trophic proteins and act by
Binding to the membrane and starting a cascade of secondary messengers
39
Excess of GH causes _____. Lack of GH causes _____.
Gigantism, dwarfism
40
Adults with excess GH have
Increased growth in small bones without epiphyseal plates
41
Direct hormones from anterior pituitary
GH, prolactin and endorphins
42
Lack of iodine results in improper ability for the ____ to function
Thyroid
43
Increased amounts of T3 and T4 will result in
Increased levels of cellular respiration
44
Hyper means ____ | Hypo means _____
More | Less
45
Four important functions of calcium
1. Principal component of bone 2. Regulator of muscle contraction 3. Cofactor for normal blood clotting 4. Neurotransmitter release
46
The thyroid produces what hormones
T3, T4, and calcitonin
47
Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels in three ways:
1. Increased excretion from kidneys 2. Decreased absorption from the gut 3. Increased storage in the bone
48
Two hormones that are antagonistic in terms of calcium levels
Calcitonin and PTH
49
Adrenals are located
On top of the kidneys
50
Adrenal cortex releases
Corticosteroids ( glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, and cortical sex hormones) after stimulation by ACTH from anterior pituitary after stimulation from CRF from hypothalamus
51
Name two glucocorticoids
Cortisol and cortisone
52
Cortisol and cortisone increase
Increase gluconeogenesis and decrease protein synthesis. Also decrease inflammation and immunological responses
53
Example of a mineralcorticoid
Aldosterone
54
Pathway of aldosterone release
Decreased blood volume causes kidney to release renin which activates angiotensin which stimates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
55
Two functions of angiotensin
1. Increase blood pressure by vasodilation via ACE | 2. Stimulate adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
56
Adrenal medulla produces
Ephinephrine and norepinephrine. These are peptide hormones called catecholamines.
57
Exocrine functions of pancreas
Secretes amylase, lipase, and trypsin (protein) into the duodenum
58
Three regions of the islets of Langerhans
Alpha beta and delta
59
Part of pancreas that secretes endocrine hormones
Islets of Langerhans
60
Alpha cells in pancreas secretes
Glucagon
61
Beta cells in pancreas secrete
Insulin
62
Delta cells in pancreas secrete
Somatostatin
63
Glucagon is released during
Times of famine
64
Glucose in the urine is a sign of
Diabetes or hyperglycemia
65
Type 1 diabetes is caused by
Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
66
Four hormones that can increase blood glucose
Glucagon, GH, glucocorticoids, an epinephrine
67
Somatostatin causes
Inhibition of insulin and glucagon
68
FSH in men causes
Stimulation of Sertoli cells necessary for sperm maturation
69
LH in men causes
Interstitial cells to produce testosterone
70
Ovaries produce which two hormones
Estrogens and progesterone
71
Estrogen (released by what and responsible for what)
High levels of FSH and LH. Responsible for secondary sex characteristics, thickening of endometrium, development of reproductive tract in embryo
72
Two places estrogens are released by
Ovarian follicles and corpus luteum
73
Progesterone in women is stimulated by
Increased LH stimulation
74
Three places progesterone is released by
Ovaries and corpus luteum (and eventually placenta when corpus luteum disintegrates)
75
Progesterone in women is responsible for
Maintenance of endometrium
76
Four phases of menstrual cycle
1. Follicular 2. Ovulation 3. Luteal 4. Menstration
77
Follicular phase
Flow stops. Increased GnRH cause higher levels of FSH and LH. Several ovarian follicles are developed. Follicles secrete estrogen, FSH and LH stop. Estrogen regrows endometrial lining
78
Ovulation is triggered by
LH surge at mid cycle caused by high levels of estrogen
79
The pill works by
Giving estrogen and progesterone which inhibits LH and FSH release inhibiting ovulation
80
The corpus luteum is formed when
After ovulation, LH causes the ruptured follicle to form corpus luteum
81
Purpose of corpus luteum
Secretes progesterone to maintain uterine lining. Progesterone levels rise (estrogen levels are already high). This inhibits LH and FSH
82
Without hCG to stimulate the corpus luteum
Progesterone levels decline an uterine lining is diminished
83
HCG is secreted by
Blastocyst and the developing placenta
84
HCG levels ____ after the first trimester but estrogen and progesterone _____ because ______
Drop, rise because the placenta starts secreting it
85
FSH peaks during
Ovulation
86
FSH and LH levels are usually _____ in postmenupausal women because _____
Increased because the feedback mechanism no longer exists
87
The pineal gland releases
Melatonin for sleep
88
Erythropoietin is released by the ____ in response to
Kidney, low oxygen levels in the blood. Patients with chronic kidney disease can become anemic because of improper red blood cell production
89
Protein hormones work by
Binding to receptors causing a secondary messenger cascade catalyzed by adenylate Cyclades.
90
Actions of cAMP are terminated by
Phosphodieterase
91
Do protein or peptide hormones work for a longer period of time
Steroid
92
All steroid hormones are derived from
Cholesterol
93
Steroid hormones act at the level of
DNA transcription
94
Three amino acid derivative hormones
Epinephrine, norepinephrine and thyroxine
95
Steroid hormones
Glucocorticoids mineralcorticoids and androgens
96
Thymus gland
Plays a part in T lymphocyte development and differentiation. Thymus is gone by adulthood

Biology (16 decks)

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