Nervous System III Flashcards
1
Q
The PNS has _____ receptors, ________ nerves and associated ganglia, and motor ______
A
Sensory; peripheral; motor endings
2
Q
Sensory receptors are specialized to respond to changes in their environment, which is a ______
A
stimuli
3
Q
Activation of sensory receptors result in ______ ______ that trigger nerve impulses
A
graded potentials
4
Q
______ (awareness of stimulus) and _____ (interpretation of the meaning of the stimulus) occur in the brain
A
Sensation and perception
5
Q
_______, a stimulus type, respond to stretch in ______ muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue
A
Proprioceptors; skeletal
6
Q
_______ inform the brain of one’s movements
A
Proprioceptors
7
Q
Complex receptors: two neuron chain. Just a note.
A
:)
8
Q
______ receptors: vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, and taste
A
Complex
9
Q
_____ receptors are for the special senses, and ______ receptor are for the general senses
A
Complex;simple
10
Q
______ receptors can have _______ or ______ dendritic endings
A
Simple receptors; unencapsulated or encapsulated
11
Q
Nociceptors respond to _____
A
Pain
12
Q
______ respond to: pinching, chemicals from damaged tissue, temperatures outside the range of thermoreceptors; capsaicin
A
Nociceptors
13
Q
______ ____ receptors are tactile(merkel) discs, and have hair follicle receptors
A
Light touch
14
Q
All encapsulated dendritic endings are ________
A
mechanoreceptors
15
Q
_____, a mechanoreceptor, have discriminative touch
A
Meissner’s
16
Q
_____, a mechanoreceptor, monitor deep pressure and vibration
A
Pacinian
17
Q
_____, a mechanoreceptor, monitor deep continuous pressure
A
Ruffini endings
18
Q
_____, a mechanoreceptor, monitor muscle stretch
A
Muscle spindles
19
Q
_____ ____ ____, a mechanoreceptor, monitor stretch in tendons
A
Golgi tendon organs
20
Q
____ ____ ___, a mecanorecptor, monitor stretch in articular capsules
A
joint kinesthetic receptors
21
Q
In sensory integration, input comes from ______, _______, and ______
A
exteroceptors, proprioceptors, and interoceptors.
22
Q
Levels of neural integration in sensory systems:
- ______ level
- ______ level
- ______ level
A
receptor level; circuit level; perceptual level;
23
Q
of the levels of neural integration, which level monitors the sensor receptors?
A
Receptor level
24
Q
of the levels of neural integration, which level monitors ascending pathways?
A
Circuit level
25
of the levels of neural integration, which level monitors neuronal circuits in the cerebral cortex?
Perceptual level
26
of the levels of neural integration, which level monitors neuronal circuits in the cerebral cortex?
Perceptual level
27
_______ (fast-adapting) receptors signal the beginning or end of a stimulus
Phasic
28
_____ receptors adapt slowly or not at all
Tonic
29
Examples of Tonic receptors:
Nociceptors and most proprioceptors
30
Examples of phasic receptors:
pressure, touch, and smell
31
Pathways of _____ neurons conduct sensory impulses upward to the appropriate brain regions when processing at the circuit level
three
32
Which order neuron is this (circuit level)? "Conduct impulses from the receptor level to the second-order neurons in the CNS"
First order
33
Which order neuron is this (circuit level)? "Transmit impulses to the thalamus or cerebellum
"
Second order
34
Which order neuron is this (circuit level)? "Conduct impulses from the thalamus to the somatosensory cortex (perceptual level)"
Third-order
35
With the perception of pain, impulses travel on fibers that release neurotransmitters _______ and _____ _
Glutamate; substance P
36
Some pain impulses are blocked by inhibitory endogenous _____
opioids
37
With the perception of pain, stimuli include extreme pressure and temperature, ______, K+, ATP, acids, and ________ (vasodilator protein)
Histamine; bradykinin
38
The nerve is a ______ organ of the PNS
Cordlike
39
A nerve is a bundle of ______ and _______ peripheral axons enclosed by connective tissue
Myelinated; unmyelinated
40
Structure of a nerve includes the _______, ________, and epineurium
Endoneurium, perineurium
41
_______: loose connective tissue that encloses axons and their myelin sheaths
Endoneurium
42
______: coarse connective tissue that bundles fibers into fascicles
Perineurium
43
_______: tough fibrous sheath around a nerve
epineurium
44
Most nerves are mixtures of ______ and ______ fibers, and _______ and autonomic fibers
Afferent; efferent; somatic; autonomic
45
Somatic afferent is sensory or motor?
sensory
46
Somatic efferent is sensory or motor?
Motor
47
Visceral efferent is motor or sensory?
Motor
48
Visceral afferent is sensory or motor?
Sensory
49
Peripheral nerves are classified as _____ or _____ nerves
Cranial or spinal
50
Is the dorsal root ganglia sensory somatic?
Yes
51
IS the autonomic ganglia motor visceral?
Yes
52
Mature neurons are _____
Amitotic
53
If the soma of a damaged nerve is intact the _____ will regenerate
Axon
54
______ remove debris
Macrophages
55
______ ____ form regeneration tube and secrete growth factors
Schwann cells
56
CNS oligodendrocytes bear growth-inhibiting proteins that ______ CNS fiber regeneration
Prevent
57
The olfactory nerves arise from the olfactory receptor cells of the _____ cavity
nasal
58
Olfactory nerves pass through the ______ plate of the ethmoid bone
Cribiform
59
With olfactory nerves, fibers synapse in the _____ ____
olfactory bulbs
60
With the olfactory nerves, the pathway termites in the primary _____ _____
olfactory cortex
61
The olfactory nerves are purely _____
sensory
62
The optic nerves arise from the _____
retinas
63
The optic nerves pass through the ____ ____, converge, and then partially cross over at the _____ ____
optic canals; optic chiasma
64
With optic nerves, optic tracts continue to the _______, where they synapse
Thalamus
65
With optic nerves, optic radiation fibers run to the _______ cortex
occipital
66
Optic nerves are purely _____
sensory
67
With Oculomotor Nerves, the fibers extend from the ventral ______ through the superior orbital fissures to the _____ eye muscles
midbrain; extrinsic
68
Oculomotor Nerves function in raising the _____, directing the ____, and constricting the _____
eyelid; eyeball; iris
69
Constricting the iris is a function of the oculomotor nerves, and this function is _______
Parasympathetic
70
Trochlear nerves start from the dorsal _____, enter the orbits via the superior orbital fissures and innervate the _____ oblique muscle
Midbrain; superior oblique
71
Trochlear nerves are primarily a ____ nerve that direct the eyeball
Motor
72
Which cranial nerves are the largest?
Trigeminal
73
Which cranial nerves are the largest?
Trigeminal
74
Trigeminal nerve fivers extend from ______ to face
Pons
75
The three divisions of the trigeminal nerves are ______, ______, and ______
Ophthalmic; maxillary; mandibular
76
Trigeminal nerves convey _____ ____ from various areas of the face (V1 and V2), and supplies motor fibers for (V3) for ________
sensory impulses; mastication
77
The abducen nerve fibers start at the inferior _____ and enter the orbits via the superior orbital fissures
Pons
78
The abducens nerve is primarily ______, innervating the lateral _____ muscle
motor; lateral rectus muscle
79
Facial nerve fibers start at the _____, travel through the internal acoustic meatuses, and emerge through the stylomastoid foramina to the ______ aspect of the face
Pons; Lateral
80
Motor functions of the facial nerves include facial expression, and parasympathetic impulses to _____ and ____ glands
Lacrimal; salivary
81
Facial nerves have a sensory function of taste from _____ of the tongue
2/3
82
The vestibulocochlear nerves have _____ fibers from the hearing _____ and _______ receptors
afferent; hearing receptors; equilibrium receptors
83
The vestibulocochlear nerve has a mostly _____ function
sensory
84
With the glossopharyngeal nerve, fibers from the _____ leave the skull via the jugular foramen and run to the throat
Medulla
85
Glosso nerves have ____ functions, including innervating part of the tongue and pharynx for ______
motor; swallowing
86
Glosso nerves have ____ functions: fibers conduct _____ and _____ sensory impulses
Sensory; taste and general
87
The vagus nerve is the only cranial nerve that extends beyond the _____ and ____ region
head and neck
88
With vagus nerves, fibers from the _____ exit the skull via the jugular foramen
medulla
89
Vagus nerves are mostly _____ fibers, and are parasympathetic fibers that help regulate the activities of the ____, _____, and abdominal viscera
Motor; heart; lungs
90
Vagus nerves have _____ fibers the carry impulses from the ______ and _____ viscera
sensory; thoracic and abdominal viscera
91
Accessory nerves are formed from _____ _____ from the C1-C5 region of the spinal cord
ventral rootlets
92
Accessory nerves exit the skull via the jugular foramina to innervate the _______ and __________ musclees
Trapezius; sternocleidomastoid
93
Hypoglossal nerve fibers start in the _____ and exit the skull via the hypoglossal canal
medulla
94
Hypoglossal nerves innervate ______ and ____ muscles of the tongue that contribute to swallowing and _____
Extrinsic and intrinsic; speech
95
the Pons contains the _____ center and the ______ center
sleep; respiratory
96
The midbrain consists of ______ colliculi
four
97
The midbrain has ___ superior colliculi and ___ inferior colliculi
Two and two
98
The superior colliculi of the midbrain is responsible for _____ reflexes
visual
99
The inferior colliculi of the midbrain is responsible for ____ reflexes
auditory
100
There are ____ spinal nerves
31
101
There are __ cervical spinal nerves through C_ and C_
8; c1-c8
102
There are __ thoracic nerves through T_ through T_
12; T1-T12
103
There are __ lumbar nerves through L1-L5
5
104
There are __ sacral nerves
5
105
There is _ coccygeal nerve
1; c0
106
Which plexuses go through C1-C8?
Cervical and Brachial
107
Which plexus goes through L1-L5?
Lumbar
108
Which plexus goes through S1-S5?
Sacral
109
Each ____ ___ connects to the spinal cord via two roots
spinal nerve
110
In spinal nerves, ventral roots contain motor (_____) fibers from the ventral horn motor neurons
Efferent
111
In ventral roots, fibers innervate _____ muscles
skeletal
112
In spinal nerves, dorsal roots contain sensory (____) fibers from sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia
afferent
113
_____ and ______ roots unite to form spinal nerves, which then emerge from the vertebral column via the intervertebral foramina
Dorsal and ventral
114
Each spinal nerve branches into mixed ___
rami
115
All ventral rami except the Thoracic region form interlacing nerve networks called ______
plexuses
116
The ventral rami of the Thoracic region act as intercostal nerves that apply _____ of the ribs
muscles
117
The cervical plexus is formed by the ventral rami if C_ to C_
c1-c4
118
The Cervical plexus innervates skin and muscles the neck, ear, back of head, and _____
shoulders
119
The cervical plexus contains the ____ nerve
Phrenic
120
The ____ nerve, located in the cervical plexus, is a major motor and sensory nerve of the ____
diaphragm
121
The ____ plexus is formed by the ventral rami of C5-C8 and T1
Brachial
122
The _____ plexus gives rise to the nerves that innervate the upper limb
brachial
123
Brachial plexus: nerves.
| The _____ nerve: innervates the deltoid, teres minor, and skin and joint capsule of the shoulder
Axillary
124
Within the brachial plexus, the _____ nerve: innervates the biceps brachii and brachialis and skin of lateral forearm
musculocutaneous
125
Within the brachial plexus, the _____ nerve: innervates the skin, most flexors and pronators in the forearm, and some intrinsic muscles of the hand
median
126
Within the brachial plexus, the _____ supplies the flexor carpi ulnaris, part of the flexor digitorum profundus, most intrinsic muscles of the hand, and skin of medial aspect of hand
ulnar
127
Within the brachial plexus, the _____ nerve: innervates essentially all extensor muscles, supinators, and posterior skin of limb
radial
128
which plexus innervates the thigh, abdominal wall, and psoas muscle?
Lumbar
129
The ____ plexus arises from L1-L4
lumbar
130
Which plexus contains the femoral nerve??
Lumbar
131
Which nerve innervates the quadriceps and skin of the anterior thigh and medial surface of the leg?
Femoral
132
Which nerve passes through the obturator foramen to innervate adductor muscles?
Obturator
133
Which plexus arises from L4 to S4?
Sacral
134
Which plexus serves the buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures and perineum?
Sacral
135
Which plexus contains the sciatic nerve?
Sacral
136
Which nerve is the thickest and longest in the body?
Sciatic
137
Which nerve innervates the hamstring muscles, adductor magnus, and most muscles in the leg and foot?
Sciatic
138
_______ is the area of skin innervates by the cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve
Dermatome
139
Which spinal nerve doesn't participate in dermatomes?
C1
140
Do dermatomes overlap?
Yes
141
Where does innervation of skeletal muscle take place?
At the neuromuscular junction
142
For innervation of skeletal muscle, which neurotransmitter is needed?
Acetylcholine
143
ACh binds to receptors, causing movement of ___ and ___
Na+ and K+
144
ACh binds to receptors, causing _____ of the muscle cell
Depolarization
145
ACh binds to receptors causing an end plate potential, which triggers an ____ ___
Action potential
