Nervous System Part 1 Flashcards by Stacey Sophia Velez

deals with normal functioning and disorders of

the nervous system

neurology

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is a physician who diagnoses and treats

disorders of the nervous system

neurologist

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neurons enclosed within skull

brain

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 connects to brain and enclosed within spinal

cavity

spinal cord

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bundles of many axons of neurons

nerves

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groups of neuron cell bodies located outside of

brain and spinal cord

ganglia

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networks in digestive tracts

ENTERIC PLEXUSES

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monitor changes in internal or external

environments

SENSORY RECEPTORS

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3 functions of the nervous system

sensory, integrative and motor function

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Carry information into brain and spinal cord

through cranial and spinal nerves

Sensory receptors and sensory nerves

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awareness of sensory input

perception

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sensory receptors : afferent nerves

integration : _____________

information processing

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Signals to muscles and glands (effectors)

motor activity

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consist of Brain and spinal cord

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)

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consist of All nervous system structures outside of the CNS

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)

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also called as Nerve cells

neurons

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Possess electrical excitability, the ability to 
respond to a stimulus and convert it into an 
action potential (electrical signal/nerve impulse) 
that travels along neurons

neurons

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support, nourish and protect neurons

neuroglia cells

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3 parts of neurons

cell body
axon
dendrites

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yellowish brown granules in the

cytoplasm; product of neuronal lysosomes

Lipofuscin

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collection of cell bodies outside the
CNS; serve as relay stations or
distributing centers

ganglion

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neuronal process that emerges from the

cell body

nerve fiber

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 Little trees
 Receiving or input portions
 Contain numerous receptor sites
 Highly branched structures that carry impulses
to the cell body
 Cytoplasm contains Nissl bodies, mitochondria,
and other organelles

dendrites

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 Conducts nerve impulses away from the cell
body toward another neuron, muscle fiber or
gland cells
 Long, thin, cylindrical projection
 Emerges at cone-shaped axon hillock (small
hill)

axon

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axon part nearest the axon hillock

initial segment

nerve impulses arises; junction of | the axon hillock and initial segment

trigger zone

Axon cytoplasm

axoplasm

Axon plasma membrane

axolemma

 fine processes at the end of the axon  Synaptic end bulbs and varicosities contain synaptic vesicles that can release neurotransmitters

axon terminal

 A molecule released from the synaptic vesicle  Excites/Inhibits another neuron, muscle fiber or gland cell

neurotransmitter

``` structural class that:  Have several or many dendrites and one axon  Most common type in brain and spinal cord ```

multipolar

 Have one dendrite and | one axon

bipolar

where can bipolar processes extending from the body be found?

in retina of eye inner ear olfactory area of the brain

 Have fused dendrite and axon that emerges from the body

unipolar

where can unipolar processes extending from the body be found?

Sensory neurons of spinal | and cranial nerves

what begins in the embryo as bipolar neurons

Pseudounipolar neurons

Convey impulses into CNS (brain or spinal | cord)

sensory neurons (afferent)

 Mainly located within the CNS between sensory | and motor neurons.

Interneurons (ASSOCIATION NEURONS)

Convey action potentials away from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) in the periphery (PNS) through cranial or spinal nerves.

MOTOR (EFFERENT) NEURONS

Cells smaller but are 5-25 times more | numerous than neurons

neuroglia

brain tumors derived from neuroglia

gilomas

Largest and most numerous of the neuroglia.

astrocytes

astrocytes that have many short branching processes and are found in gray matter

Protoplasmic astrocytes

astrocytes that have many long unbranched processes and are located mainly in white matter

Fibrous astrocytes

Resemble astrocytes but are smaller and | contain fewer processes

oligodendrocytes

a multilayered lipid and protein covering around some axons that insulates them and increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction

myelin sheath

Small cells with slender processes that give off numerous spinelike projections Functions as phagocytes

MICROGLIA OR MICROGLIAL CELLS

Cuboidal to columnar cells arranged in a single | layer that possess microvilli and cilia.

ependymal cells

what completely surround axons and cell bodies

NEUROGLIA OF THE PNS

encircle PNS axons and participate in axon regeneration, which is more easily accomplished in the PNS than in the CNS

schwann cells

flat cells that surround the cell bodies of | neurons of PNS ganglia

satellite cells

what does the satellite cells regulate during the exchange of materials

neuronal cell bodies and interstitial | fluid

what do you call it when Axons covered with a myelin sheath

Myelinated

what happens if there are many layers of lipid and protein:

insulates the neurons

outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell; encloses the myelin sheath

Neurolemma

gaps in the myelin

nodes of ranvier

cluster of cell bodies in PNS

ganglion

cluster of cell bodies in CNS

neurons

bundle of axons in PNS

nerve

bundle of axons in CNS

tract

primarily myelinated axons

white matter

cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, | axon terminals, neuroglia

grey matter

when can axons and dendrite in the PNS only be repaired?

if cell body is intact and Schwann cells are functional

used for short-distance communication | only

graded potentials

allow communication over long | distances within the body

action potentials

action potential that occurs in a neuron | nerve cell

nerve action potential or nerve impulse

what 2 types of electrical signals do neurons use to communicate with each other

action and graded potentials

an electric potential | (voltage) difference across cell membrane

membrane potential

allow ions to move by diffusion | from high to low concentration

ion channels

termed as the Resting membrane potential

voltage

 Open and close on command  Respond to changes in membrane so can generate and conduct action potentials

gated channels

allow ions to leak through membrane; there are more for K+ than for Na+

leakage channels

what happens if an ion channel is open?

allow specific ions to move across the plasma membrane down their electrochemical gradient

when does the creation of a flow of electrical current that can change the membrane potential happen?

when the ions move

what is the typical resting membrane potential?

-70 mV

a small deviation from the resting membrane potential that makes the membrane either more polarized or less polarized

graded potential

occurs when two or more graded potentials add together to become larger in magnitude

summation

determine what phase of action potential; | Na+ channels open → as more Na+ enters cell, membrane potential rises and becomes positive –70 → 0 → + 30 mv

depolarizing phase

determine what phase of action potential; | K+ channels open → as more K+ leave cell, membrane potential is returned to resting value + 30 → 0 → –70 mv

repolarizing phase

Levels of ions back to normal by action of | Na+/K+ pump

recovery

In unmyelinated fibers; slower form of | conduction

continuous conduction

In myelinated fibers; faster as impulses “leap” | between nodes of Ranvier

saltatory conduction

Factors that increase rate of conduction

o Amount of myelination o large axon diameter o warm nerve fibers