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Physiology > Nervous System: Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Nervous System: Spinal Cord Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin and end?

A

Begins at the foramen magnum. Ends at conus medullaris at L1 vertebra

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2
Q

Dorsal (Posterior) Nerve Root

A

where axons enter, responsible for sensory functions

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3
Q

Ventral (Anterior) Nerve Root

A

where axons exit, associated with motor functions

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4
Q

posterior gray horn

A

responsible for sensory processing

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5
Q

Anterior Gray Horn

A

send out motor signals to the skeletal muscles

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6
Q

lateral gray horn

A

(only found in the thoracic, upper lumbar and sacral regions)
central component of the sympathetic division of the ANS.

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7
Q

posterior white columns (composed of)

A

composed of axon of ascending tracts

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8
Q

anterior white columns (composed of)

A

composed of many different groups of axons of both ascending and descending tracts

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9
Q

lateral white columns (function)

A

carrying motor commands down from the brain to the spinal cord to control output to the periphery

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10
Q

Ascending Tracts

A

carry sensory information up the the brain

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11
Q

Descending tracts

A

carry motor commands from the brain

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12
Q

function of the white columns

A

provides 2-way communication to and from the brain. contains spinal reflex centers

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13
Q

flaccid paralysis

A

damage to the ventral root or ventral horn cells

impulses do not reach the muscles, so theres no voluntary or involuntary control of muscles; muscles atrophy

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14
Q

spastic paralysis

A

damage to the upper motor neurons of the primary motor cortex
spinal neurons remain intact; muscles stimulated by reflex activity; no voluntary control of muscles

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15
Q

parasthesias

A

sensory loss

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16
Q

paralysis

A

loss of motor function

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17
Q

transection

A

total motor sensory loss in the regions inferior to the cut

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18
Q

paraplegia

A

transection between T1 and L1

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19
Q

quadriplegia

A

transection in the cervical region

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20
Q

define meninges and whats the types

A

protective covering of the brain and spinal cord

dura, arachnoid, and pia matter

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21
Q

dura matter

A

surround and supports venous sinuses

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22
Q

arachnoid matter (and 2 parts)

A

middle layer of the meninges
subarachnoid space: filled with circulating CSF
arachnoid granulations: where CSF is filtered back into the blood for drainage

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23
Q

pia matter

A

outer surface of the CNS

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24
Q

choroid plexus

A

produces CSF

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25
cerebral spinal fluid (csf)
fluid is a clear solution with limited amount of the constituents of blood. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are dissolved into the csf
26
ganglia
group of neuron cell bodies in the periphery
27
DRG
cell bodies of neurons with axons that are sensory endings in the periphery
28
cranial nerve ganglion
associated with the cranial nerve
29
sympathetic chain ganglia
receive central input from the lateral horn of the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord
30
paravertebral ganglia
superior to chain ganglia
31
prevertebral ganglia
located outside of the chain but similar function
32
terminal ganglia
receive input from cranial nerves or sacral spinal nerves | regulates parasympathetic aspect of homeostatic mechanisms
33
plexus
network of fibers or vessels
34
enteric plexus (gastric and esophageal)
network of axons and neurons in the wall of the small and large intestines
35
nerves (and the parts)
bundle of axons in the PNS | epineurium, fascicles,perineurium, endoneurium
36
cranial nerves in order
olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
37
olfactory
smell (sensory) | olfactory bulb, olfactory epithelium
38
optic
vision (sensory) | hypothalamus/thalamus/midbrain. retina (retinal ganglion cells)
39
oculomotor
``` eye movements (motor) oculomotor nucleus. EOMs, levator palpebrae superioris ```
40
trochlear
``` eye movements (motor) trochlear nucleus. superior oblique muscle ```
41
trigeminal
face (sensory and motor) | trigeminal nuclei in braisntem, trigeminal
42
abducens
``` eye movements (motoer) abducens nucleus. Lateral rectus muscle ```
43
facial
face and taste (motor)
44
vestibulocochlear
auditory/acoustic. hearing and balance (sensory and motor) | cochlear, vestibular nuclei/cerebellum. spiral ganglion (hearing), vestibular ganglion (balance)
45
glossopharyngeal
gag test. throat and taste (sensory and motor) solitary, inferior salivatory nuclei, nucleus ambiguus. pharyngeal muscles, geniculate ganglion, otic ganglion (autonomic)
46
vagus
swallow test. viscera (motor and sensory) medulla terminal ganglia (thoracic and upper abdominal organs like heart and small intestines)
47
accessory
spinal accessory, head and neck (motor) spinal accessory nucleus neck muscles
48
hypoglossal
toungue. lower throat (motor) hypoglossal nucleus muscles of the larynx and lower pharynx
49
cervical plexus
spinal nerves from C1-C5; phrenic nerve
50
brachial plexus
spinal nerves C4-T1
51
lumbar plexus
femoral nerve gives rise to the saphenous nerve
52
sacral plexus (+function)
lower lumber nerves L4 and L5 and sacral nerves S1-S4 | gives rise to the sciatic nerve (combination of tibial nerve and fibular nerve)
53
adaptation
a change in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus - receptor membranes become less responsive - receptor potentials decline in frequency or stop
54
phasic
(fast adapting) receptors that signal the beginning or end of a stimulus ex: receptors for pressure touch and smell
55
tonic receptors
adapt slowly or not at all | ex: nociceptors and most proprioeceptors
56
inborn reflex
(intrinsic) a rapid, involuntary, predictable motor response to a stimulus
57
learned reflex
(acquired) result from practice or repetition | ex: driving skills
58
5 components of reflex arc
receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector
59
receptor
site of stimulus
60
sensory neuron
transmits afferent impulses to CNS
61
integration center
either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within the CNS
62
motor neuron
conducts efferent impulses from integration center to an effector organ
63
effector
muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to the efferent impulses by contracting or secreting
64
spinal reflexes
spinal somatic reflexes. integration found in the spinal cord effectors are skeletal muscles. important clinically to assess condition of the nervous system
65
stretch reflexes
reciprocal inhibition occurs. 2a fibers synapse with interneurons that inhibit alpha motor neurons of antagonistic muscles ex: patellar reflex
66
patellar reflex
stretched muscles (quadriceps) contracts and antagonists (hamstrings relax)
67
golgi tendon reflexes
polysynaptic reflexes. prevent damage due to excessive stretch for smoother onset and termination of muscle contraction
68
flexor reflex
flexor (withdrawal) reflex. initiated by a painful stimulus, causes autonomic withdrawal of threatened part ipsilateral and polysynaptic
69
crossed extensor reflex
occurs with flexor reflexes in weight-bearing limbs to maintain balance. consists of ipsilateral flexor reflex and contralateral extensor reflex
70
babinksi’s sign
stimulus: lateral aspect of the foot response: dorsiflexion of hallux present in infants. adults indicate motor cortex damage

Physiology (8 decks)

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