Nervous system states revison

Question 1

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

Answer 1

Voluntary movement, planning, attention, decision making, personality, production of speech

Question 2

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

Answer 2

Body sensation, language, comprehensive, audiovisual intergration

Question 3

What are the functions of the occipital lobe?

Answer 3

Visual processing

Question 4

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

Answer 4

Motor coordination, timing

Question 5

What are the functions of the temporal lobe?

Answer 5

Auditory processing

Question 6

What does the basal ganglia control?

Answer 6

Movement, reward

Question 7

What does the thalamus do?

Answer 7

Sensory gateway

Question 8

What does the hippocampus do?

Answer 8

Memories

Question 9

What is the brainstem responsible for?

Answer 9

relay pathways, visual and auditory reflexes, breathing, heart rate, vasomotor centre, vomiting, coughing, arousal

Question 10

What is the amygdala responsible for?

Answer 10

Emotion

Question 11

What is the hypothalamus responsible for?

Answer 11

Regulating body function

Question 12

What are the possible causes of impaired body function?

Answer 12

Failure of development or damage/loss of neurons; genetic- fragile X, downs; environmental insults- alcohol, kernicterus (high bilirubin newborns), infection; oxygen deprevation, degenerative changes, physical trauma.

Interference with normal nerve impulse conduction down axon- auto-immune destruction of myelin sheeth- MS, electrolyte imbalance, neurotransmitter function.

Interference with production of neurotransmitters- B group deficiency

Impacts on lipoprotein cell membranes- alcohol, GA

Question 13

What is the most common type of stroke?

Answer 13

Ischemic (87%) vs Hemorrhagic (13%)

Question 14

What are the causes of hemorrhagic stroke?

Answer 14

Trauma, aneurysm, problems clotting- imaging to determine cause

Question 15

What are the causes of ischemic stroke?

Answer 15

atheroma, thrombus, embolus

Question 16

What is the acute management of a hemorrhagic stroke?

Answer 16

Check for signs of increased ICP; stop bleed

Question 17

What is the acute management of ischemic stroke?

Answer 17

clotbusting (mechanical/tPA).

Question 18

Head trauma is a broad term that can relate to what?

Answer 18

the skull, meninges, blood vessels/neural tissue

Question 19

What the most likely causes of meningitis? (organisms)

Answer 19

Bacteria: N.meningitidis, s.pneumoniae, H.influenzae; viruses and fungi

Question 20

If the lesion is above C8 the patient is?

Answer 20

Quadriplegic

Question 21

If the lesion is T1-L1 the patient is?

Answer 21

Paraplegic

Question 22

What are some consequences of spinal injuries?

Answer 22

Exaggerated reflexes, loss of bladder and bowel control, sexual dysfunction, poor temperature regulation, decreased breathing capacity, impaired cough reflex etc

Question 23

Why are herniated discs an issue?

Answer 23

They can push onto spinal nerves, compress spinal arteries, reducing blood flow directly damaging the spinal cord etc causing spinal cord injury

Question 24

What is spina bifida?

Answer 24

Incomplete formation of vertebral arches. Increased neurological structures contained within sac=increased impairment. Linked with maternal folic acid intake.

Question 25

What receptors does acetylcholine bind to?

Answer 25

Cholinergic- 2 subgroups of nicotinic and muscarinic, which are found in various locations in the brain

Question 26

What is the neurotransmitter ACH associated with?

Answer 26

Memory facilitation- low levels are associated with Alzheimer's and the normal ageing process

Question 27

What is dopamine associated with?

Answer 27

Brain's reward system; the pleasure centre of the brain. May play a role in addictive behaviour, low levels in basal ganglia in Parkinson's. Dopamine high schizophrenia. High levels associated with vomiting, sex drive or sexual behaviour

Question 28

What receptors do noradrenaline neurotransmitters bind to?

Answer 28

Adrenergic

Question 29

What is the neurotransmitter ACH associated with?

Answer 29

Elevated levels with arousal and excitement; memory facilitation; low levels depression

Question 30

What is the neurotransmitter serotonin associated with?

Answer 30

Low levels in depression. | Slow-wave sleep inducer

Question 31

What is the neurotransmitter GABA associated with?

Answer 31

Inhibitory neurotransmitter. Low levels associated with convulsions and epilepsy and huntingtons. Elevated levels: decrease anxiety and aggressive behaviour.

Question 32

What is the impact of alzheimer's disease?

Answer 32

Progressive, degenerative. Diffuse atrophy of the cortex. Widespread loss of cholinergic neurons. Impact: Hippocampus- impaired memory, learning Amygdala- inappropriate emotions, anxiety Frontal lobe: impaired ADL, speech, reasoning, personality.

Question 33

What is Parkinson's Disease?

Answer 33

Progressive, degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra, Leads to reduction in dopamine activity in basal ganglia; functions affected: learned, automatic movement; monitoring and smoothing of voluntary movements initiated by motor cortex; inhibition of antagonistic or unnecessary movements.

Question 34

What is the pharmacotherapy for Parkinson's disease?

Answer 34

Levodopa + carbidopa (increased levels of dopamine in the brain); Ropinirole (dopamine agonist); Benztropine (anticholinergic)

Question 35

What is huntington's disease?

Answer 35

Autosomal dominant disease resulting in progressive loss of neurons in the basal ganglia. Get increased motor ouput- choreiform movements, dystonia, spasms

Question 36

What are the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia?

Answer 36

Delusions, hallucinations, bizzare behaviour, paranoia

Question 37

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 37

Social withdrawal, low motivation, loss of affect, loss of speech

Question 38

What are the different types of epilepsy?

Answer 38

Tonic/clonic seizures; grand mal; petit mal; temporal lobe

Question 39

What are the common features of the different type of epilepsy?

Answer 39

uncontrolled firing of a group of neurons; symptoms/presentation depend on location and extent of spread Neurons- lowered seizure threshold or hypersensitive to hypoglycemia, hypernatremia, repeated sensory stimulation, fatigue etc

Question 40

What are the drugs used to treat epilepsy?

Answer 40

CNS depressants, suppress spread of el-impulses (enhance GABA or inhibit sodium channels) eg valproate.

Question 41

What is a tonic/clonic seizure?

Answer 41

Person loses consciousness, muscles stiffen and jerking movements are seen. Usually last 1-3 minutes and take much longer for a person to recover. Tonic phase: all muscles stiffen, air being forced past the vocal cords causes a groan, the person loses consciousness and falls to the floor, the tongue or cheek may be bitten (bloody saliva may come from mouth), person may turn a bit blue in the face. After the tonic phase comes the clonic phase: the arms and usually legs being to jerk rapidly and rhythmically, bending and relaxing at the elbows, hips and knees. Consciousness returns slowly, person may be confused, agitated or depressed. Seizures usually last 1-3 mins.

Question 42

What are petit mal seizures?

Answer 42

Absence seizure, causing a short period of blacking out or staring into space.

Question 43

What is MS?

Answer 43

Autoimmune, progressive demyelination. 20-40Y

Question 44

What are the symptoms of MS?

Answer 44

Motor (limb weakness, loss of bladder/bowel control, speech); Sensory (numbness, pain); Visual (double vision, loss of vision); cognitive

Question 45

What are the three types of pain?

Answer 45

Nociceptive pain- when tissue in the body is damaged. The pain signal starts in the pain receptors, which are located in the skin and internal organs, which register pain. Inflammatory pain- leads to secretion of substances that lower the pain threshold and amplify pain. Occurs temporarily when tissue is damaged, can be chronic in illnesses such as rheumatism Neuropathic- caused by injury or disease in the NS. Both direct damage to the nerve and pressure on the nerve can lead to pain. Can develop as a result of slipped disc, stroke, diabetes

Question 46

Why do we get referred pain?

Answer 46

Viceral and somatic pathways converge on the same spinal dorsal horn neurons. Difficult for the brain to identify the original source of pain.