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Flashcards in Genetics summary Deck (7)
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1
Q

What is cancer?

A

Continued proliferation in cells due to mutations that enhance proliferation in genes that control cell birth or cell death.

2
Q

What is the difference between benign and malignant?

A

Benign- well differentiated cells; slow rate of growth, unable to suppress proliferation; fibrous capsule

Malignant- less differentiated, grow rapidly- loss of control over cell proliferation and differentiation- disorganised growth and metastasis (invade and infiltrate).

3
Q

What are seven warning signs of cancer?

A

Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge from any body orifice
Thickening or a lump in the breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in a wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness

4
Q

What are the cancer classifications/grades?

A

Grade 1: cell differ slightly from normal cells and well differentiated

Grade II: cells are more abnormal and moderately differentiated

Grade III: cells are very abnormal and poorly differentiated

Grade IV: cells are immature and undifferentiated
Stage 0: cancer in situ
Stage I: tumour limited to the tissue of origin
Stage II: limited local spread
Stage III: extensive local and regional spread
Stage IV: metastasis

5
Q

Tumours that originate from bone, muscle and other connective tissues are called what?

A

Sacromas

6
Q

What is the general term for cancers that develop in the lymphatic system?

A

Lymphoma- a group of blood cell tumours

7
Q

What is a carcinoma?

A

A type of cancer that starts in cells that make up the skin or the tissue lining organs, such as the liver or kidneys