Nervous System Test Flashcards
1
Q
What two systems does the nervous system contain?
A
The peripheral ns and central ns
2
Q
What is include in the pns?
A
cranial nerves, spinal nerves, sensory + motor nerves, ganglia
3
Q
How many spinal nerves are there?
A
31 pairs
4
Q
How many cranial nerves are there?
A
12 pairs
5
Q
What term are the sensory nerves considered?
A
afferent
6
Q
What do the sensory nerves do?
A
carry info to the cns
7
Q
What term are the motor nerves considered?
A
efferent
8
Q
What do the motor nerves do?
A
receives from cns
9
Q
What two groups can motor nerves be put into?
A
somatic and autonomic
10
Q
What do somatic nerves control?
A
skeletal muscle
11
Q
What do autonomic nerves control?
A
cardiac muscle and glands
12
Q
What groups can autonomic nerves be put into?
A
sympathetic and parasympathetic
13
Q
What is the sympathetic system referred to as?
A
fight or flight
14
Q
What is the parasympathetic system referred to as?
A
rest and repose
15
Q
What are the three types of neuron structure?
A
multipolar, unipolar, bipolar
16
Q
What does an interneuron do?
A
process and send messages
17
Q
What are the four types of neuroglial cells in the CNS?
A
Astrocytes, Microglia, Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal
18
Q
What glial cell is found only in the PNS?
A
Schwann Cells
19
Q
What is the function of a Schwann cell?
A
produce myelin sheath in PNS
20
Q
What are the 3 functions of a myelin sheath?
A
increase speed of impulse conduction, insulate and maintain axon, aids in nerve regeneration
21
Q
What is the largest part of the brain?
A
cerebrum
22
Q
What is the outer layer of the cerebrum?
A
cerebral cortex
23
Q
Where is the primary motor area located?
A
precentral gyrus
24
Q
Where is the primary sensory area located?
A
postcentral gyrus
25
Where is the visual area located?
occipital lobe
26
Where is the auditory area located?
temporal lobe
27
Where is Broca's area located?
frontal lobe, anterior to precentral gyrus
28
What is the function of Broca's area?
speech
29
What are some functions of the cerebrum?
memory, complex thoughts, reading and understanding ideas, emotion
30
What is the second largest part of the brain?
cerebellum
31
What does the cerebellum do?
concerned with subconscious movements of skeletal muscle necessary for coordination, maintain posture and balance.
32
What is the diencephalon composed of?
epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus
33
What does the thalamus do?
receives sensory impulses and channel to appropriate part of the cerebral cortex
34
What do the hypothalamus do?
regulates body temp, controls hungry, satiety and thirst
35
What is the most superior part of the brain stem?
Midbrain
36
What is the function of the midbrain?
motor movements of eyes and head, also contains auditory reflex to hear sounds better.
37
What is located in the midbrain?
the superior colliculus and the inferior colliculus
38
What is the intermediate portion of the brain?
pons
39
What is the function of the pons?
motor and sensory connector to control breathing rythym
40
What is the inferior part of the brain stem?
Medulla Oblongata
41
What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
motor and sensory connector, regulates heart beat and contractions, regulates breathing, regulates diameter of blood vessels
42
What three centers are located in the medulla oblongata?
cardiac center, breathing center, vasomotor center
43
What is a gyrus?
ridged surface of the cerebrum
44
What is a sulcus?
a shallow groove
45
What is a fissure?
a deep groove
46
What is the longitudinal fissure?
deep groove that separates cerebrum into cerebral hemispheres
47
What is the corpus callosum?
structure of nerve fibers that connects the hemispheres
48
What are the different lobes?
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Insula
49
What are meninges?
three membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
50
What is the dura mater?
the tough outer layer
51
What is the arachnoid?
middle layer
52
What is the pia mater?
the delicate inner most layer
53
What is the resting membrane potential?
-70 mV
54
What is the action potential?
30 mV
55
What is the first step of continuous nerve conduction?
threshold stimulus increases membrane's permeability to Na+ ions, occurs at stimulation
56
What is the second step of continuous nerve conduction?
Electrical potential of the membrane begins to change from negative to positive
57
What is the third step of continuous nerve conduction?
depolarization, the shift in electric charge, Na+ comes in
58
What is the fourth step of continuous nerve conduction?
membrane potential becomes reversed, inside of membrane becomes positive and outside negative
59
What is the fifth step of continuous nerve conduction?
action potential (nerve impulse) is initiated at +30 mV
60
What is the sixth step of continuous nerve conduction?
nerve impulse is a wave of negativity that self propagates along the outside surface of the membrane of the neuron
61
What is the seventh step of continuous nerve conduction?
when impulse travels from one point to the next, the previous point is repolarized, K- goes out
62
What is the eighth step of continuous nerve conduction?
cell return to resting potential, -70 mV
63
What is the final step of continuous nerve conduction?
neuron is ready to receive another stimulus
64
What is the space between two neurons called?
synapse
65
What are the three protections of the CNS?
bone, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid
66
What creates cerebrospinal fluid?
choroid plexus
67
What are Basal Ganglia?
grey matter in brain
68
Dopamine reduction is a result of what disease?
Parkinson's
69
What happens when the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is damaged?
loss of sensory function
70
What happens when the ventral root of a spinal nerve is damaged?
loss of motor function
71
What happens when the anterior ramus of a spinal nerve is damaged?
loos of both motor and sensory functions
72
Where is regulation of water balance and body temperature at?
Hypothalamus
73
What happens when the anterior ramus of a spinal nerve is damaged?
loss of both motor and sensory functions
74
What are the six major regions of the brain?
cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
75
What are the four anatomical changes that occur to the nervous system as you age?
reduction in brain weight/size, decrease in blood flow to brain, changes in synaptic organization of the brain, intracellular + extracellular change in CNS neurons
76
What is the first step in transmission from one neuron to another?
Nerve impulse travels along the axon to synaptic knob
77
What is the second step in transmission from one neuron to another?
Action potential promotes the entry of calcium ions into the synaptic knob
78
What is the third step in transmission from one neuron to another?
secretory vesicles containing neurotransmitter fuse with the presynaptic membrane
79
What is the fourth step in transmission from one neuron to another?
Neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic membrane by exocytosis
80
What is the fifth step in transmission from one neuron to another?
Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft
81
What is the final step in transmission from one neuron to another?
Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
82
What is the function of an astrocyte?
secretes chemicals to maintain blood brain barrier
83
What is the function of an oligodendrocyte?
creates insulation around axon
84
What is the function of a microglia?
engulf cellular waste
85
What is the function of ependymal?
line central canal of spinal cord and ventricles
86
What is the most numerous neuroglial cell?
astrocyte
87
What is the most rare neuroglial cell?
microglia
