Nervous tissue Flashcards
(168 cards)
1
Q
Two body systems that work in parallel but independent of each other
A
- Nervous system
- endocrine system
2
Q
one part that overlaps
secretes hormones but part of the brain
A
Hypothalamus
3
Q
What is comprised of nervous system
A
Nervous tissue
4
Q
comprised of endocrine system
A
cells and glands that releases hormones
5
Q
what is the response rate of nervous tissue
A
Precise and Fast
6
Q
response rate of endocrine tissue
A
Slow and diffuse more
7
Q
how long does the effects of nervous tissue last
A
brief
8
Q
how long effects of endocrine tissue stay
A
long lasting
9
Q
What is CNS
A
Central nervous system
10
Q
Two divisions of the nervous system
A
- CNS
- PNS
11
Q
what is in the CNS
A
- brain
- spinal cord
12
Q
in the PNS
A
all other nervous tissues
13
Q
Nervous tissue if part of the 4 basic tissues
A
true
14
Q
where does the NT arise from
A
Embryonic Ectoderm
15
Q
is NT celullar
A
it is high in cellularity
16
Q
does NT have intercellular substances
A
very little
17
Q
Is NT mixed with extracellular material
A
it is DEVOID of ECM except for connective tissues and blood vessels
18
Q
what is in thr PNS
A
mainly connective tissues
19
Q
what is the composition of NT
A
-NEurons (nerve cells)
- Neurological cells
or known as glial cells
20
Q
what are glial cells
A
supporting cells
21
Q
what is the most functional unit of Nerve tissue
A
Neuron
22
Q
what is the most morphological variable cell type in the body
A
Neuron
23
Q
3 types of neurons
A
- stellate
- pyramidal
- flask shaped neurons
24
Q
where are stellate neurons found
A
- spinal cord and motor nuclei. grey matter
25
where are pyramidal neurons found
cerebral cortex
26
where are the flask shaped cells (purkinje)
found in the middle layer of cerebellar cortex
| tree like
27
irritability of neurons
abilityy to respond to stimuli
28
conductivity of neurons
ability to transmit stimuli
29
two processes of neuron cells
- axon
| - dendrite
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What cannot regenarate in neurons
neurons cannot regenarate
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what can regenerate in neurons
-axon
- dendrite
as long as cell body is intact
32
Parts of a neuron
- dendrites
- nissil granules
- axon hilock
- axon
- rodes of ranvier
- myelin sheet
- axon terminals
33
what is the name of neuron cell body
Perikaryon (basophilic)
34
what is in the perikaryon
- nucleus
- cytoplasmic organelles
- inclusions
- neurofibrils in the cytoplasm
- cytoplasm
35
this is the large spherical or ovoid shaped located centrally of the neuron
nucleus
36
this has finely dispersed chromatin that actively synthesizes proteins
nucleus
37
Lm preparations of
Nucleolus
Nucleus
- deep staining
| - pale
38
what are the cytoplasmic organells
- RER
- Nissl bodies
- SER
- Golgi A
- Mitochondria
- Centrosome
- Lysosomes
- Perixosome
39
This organlle recycle proteins and protects from foreign bodies
Lysosomes
40
this organells is found in the axon endings
| powerhouse
mitochondria
41
this organelle distributes protein throughout the cell
SER
42
site of protein synthesis and metabolic processes
Golgi apparatus
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This organelle prevents degradation of the neuron
Peroxisomes
44
organelle present in dendrites and none in axon
| basophilic
Nissl Bodies
45
organelle with basohphilic parts known as nissl bodies
RER
46
this is fat droplets that represents energy reserves for neurons
inclusions
47
residuals that are from the result of lysososamal activity
lipofuscin granules
48
melanin found in cells of spinal and sympathetic ganglia, substanstia nigra
iron: neurons in globus
pigmented granules
49
this is present in all nerons. extends to axons and dendrites
formed by 3 types
cytoskeleton
50
3 types that form the cytoskeleton
- microfilaments
- neurofilaments
- microtubules
51
type of cytoskeleton that is the largest, transports organelles and provides support
Microtubules
52
type of cytoskeleton that is the thinnest and has F--actin
microtubules
53
type of cytoskeleton that is also known as intermediate filament, is abundant in axons
and supprts the cells
NeuroFILAMENTS
54
this transports impulses away
Axon
55
how many axons are there per neuron
1 one
56
where does the axon arise from
axon hilock
57
shape of axons?
long and slender
58
what is the longest axon in the body
Sciatic nerve
59
what are the parts found in the axon
- SER
- mitochondira
- neurofibrils
60
two parts of axons
- axoplasm
| - axolemma
61
small round swelling that acts as site of synapses
- bouton or terminals
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bouton with swelling at the end
Bouton TERMINAUX
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bouton swelling along the course
bouton EN PASSANT
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two movements of axonal transport
- anterograde
| - retrograde
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this is Perikaryon to Axon
Anterograde
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Axon to perikaryon
Retrograde
67
found in anterograde
| a microtuble that uses atp
Kinesin
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found in retrograde
| mictrotuble associated with protein
dynein
69
coverings in Axons in PNS
- Neurilemmal sheath (PNS)
| - Myelin sheeth
70
covers the neurons in the PNS
- Neurilemmal sheath
| - myelin sheaths
71
what are sheaths of schwann made of
Schwann cells
72
these are flat cells with flat nuclei, covers axon.
Sheaths of Schwann
73
formed by Schwann cell plasmalema spiraled around, refractile
Myelin sheaths
74
this is the gaps between myelin sheaths, axon is partiall uncovered.
Nodes of Ranvier
75
envelops schwann cells and present in both kinds of myelinated axons
Basal lamina
76
What is the counterart of Schwann cells in CNS
Oligodendrocytes
77
What sheaths are present in CNS
Myelin and Neurilemmal sheath
78
what forms myelin of axons
oligodendrocytes
79
where is the amount of cytoplasm less? CNS or PNS
CNS
80
what composes nerve fibers
Axon + coverings
81
where does impluse travel faster?
Mylinated sheath
82
transmits impulse towards the body
Dendrites
83
what is the most receptive surface of the nueron
Dendrites
84
parts in the denrites
- mito
- nissl
- neurofibrils
85
diferent classifcation of process
- unipolar
- - pseudo unipolar
- - bipolar
- multi polar
86
most common type of process
| 1 axon = *** dendrites
Multipolar
87
single process that breaks into branches
Pseudounipolar
88
typically seen in vesibular, cocblear and ganglia. axon = 1 dendrite
Bipolar
89
process functions
- sensory
- motor
- interneurons
90
transmits impluse from CNS to effector
Motor Efferent
91
integrate, process, store, analyze, stimulis for appropriate response
Interneurons
92
receives stimuli and transmit to CNS
Sensory Afferent
93
this is the point of contact between neurons and cell.
| site of transmission
Synapse
94
types of synapse
- electrical
| - chemical
95
this is tha rare type of synapse. found in the brain for cell to cell communication
made up of gap junctions
Electrical synapse
96
this synapse uses neurotransmitters, that diffuse at post synaptic sites
Chemical Synapse
97
where is the electrical synapse present or be seen
brain, cerebral cortex and retina of the eyye
98
Components of the synapse
- axon terminal
- presynaptic membrane
- synaptic cleft
- post synaptic membrane
99
part of the presynaptic neuron, has mito, nfibrils, lysosomes
Axon terminals
100
chemical substance used to transmit neurons
Neurotransmitters
101
6 types of neurotransmitters
- Acetylcholine
- Catecholamines
- Serotonin
- Amino acid y
- Nitric Acid
- small peptides
102
type of NeuroT. for gaba, glycin, glutamate and aspartate.
mostly in the CNS
Amino acid Y
103
type of NeuroT. hypothalamic releasing hormones
| enkaphalin, vasoactive, intestinal peptide
Small peptides
104
type of NeuroT. is for serotonergenic neruons
Serotonin
105
type of NeuroT. that is a gas that also functions as neurotransmitter
Nitric oxide
106
type of NeuroT. that's between axon and striated muscles. serves the ANS
used by choligernic N.
Acetylcholine
107
type of NeuroT. that releases epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
chemical substance: Catecholaminergic neuron
Catecholamines
108
occuring between neurons
- axodendritic
- axosomatic
- axoaxonic
109
axoaxonic
Axon to axon
110
axosomatic
axon to cell body
111
rare types
Dendrodendritic, Somatodendritic,
somatosomatic, somatoaxonic,
dendroaxonic, and axoaxodendritic
112
these cells are smaller than neurons, but greater in number and theyy protect neurosn
Glial Cells or Neuroglial cells
113
Glial Cells in the CNS
- Macroglia
a. Astrocystes
b. oligodendrocytes
- Macroglia
- Ependymal Cells
114
Tyypes of Macroglia cells
- Astrocytes
| - oligodendrocytes
115
```
Largest glial cells that are star shaped,
involved in:
metabolic process
covers bare areas
regulate potassium
```
- Astrocytes
116
2 types of astrocytes
- Protoplasmic- greyshort
| - Fibrous- long white
117
glial cell that are smaller than astrocytes, forms myelin sheaths in cns
Oligodendrocytes
118
Smaller than Macorglia,
scattred all over CNS
scanty
anitgen presenting cells
Microglia
119
This forms the secretory epithelial lininng of choroid plexus.
cuboidal and short cilia aiding in CSF
Ependymal cells
120
what is in the PNS instead of glial cells
Schwann cells
121
what does schwann cells form
Neurolimal and Myelin sheets
122
Counterpart of Astrocytes in PNS
surrounds neurons
mantle cells; amphycytes
provide support to cells
Satellite Cells
123
this sytem is complex but highly integrated.
- receives, stores, process and send out info.
has CNS and PNS
Nervous system
124
Anatomic divisions of Nervous system
CNS and PNS
125
this system is very fragile, soft like jelly.
| made up of Meninges
CNS
126
Connective tissue that envelop the brain.
| has 3 parts
Meninges
127
3 parts of meninges
- Dura matter
- Arachnoid M.
- Pia mater
128
what are pia mater and arachnoid called collectively
LEptomeninges or pia arachnoid
129
this part if firm, dense irregular tissues and has 3 parts in the meninges
Dura mater
130
4 surfaces of the Dura mater
- outer surface
- inner surface
- subdural space
- Epidural Space
131
Meningeal dura
| lined by simple Squa Ep.
Inner surface
132
space between dura mater and arachnoid membrane.
| has fluid called CSF
Subdural Space
133
synonymous to postcranial bones
adhres to inner cranium
"Periosteal Dura"
Outer surface
134
blood gathered in this space when there is head trauma
| to which created pressure
Subdural Hematoma
135
space between dura and bony wall of vertebral wall
site for drug inroduction
Epidural space
epidural anaesthesia
136
flat sheet thinner than dura mater
arachnoid membrane
137
connects the pia mater to arachnoid
Arachnoid trabeculae
138
a space in the arachnoid where connective tissues are present
subarachnoid space
139
very vascular, close to the brain. covers entire brain
Pia mater
140
slightly clear fluid in the brain, in the subarachnoid space
ACTS AS WATER CUCHION
Csf
141
this drains the CSF into venous system
Arachnoid Vili
142
Chief source of CSF
Choroid plexus
143
located at the roof of 3rd and 4th ventricle of the brain
| have small blood vessels.
Choroid plexus
144
forms tight junctions so blood wont become CSF
Ependyma of the choroid plexuses
145
gross coloration of cns
gray matter
| white matter
146
contains dendrites and proximal portions of axon.
| color gray
Grey matter
147
where is gray mater located in the brain and spina
brain: peripheral area
spinal: central
148
two types of Golgi found in the Gray matter
Golgi I - long, leaves
| Golgi II- short, stays
149
no nerve cell bodies, have glial cells and myelinated cells
White mater
150
what makes white mater white
Myelinated sheaths
151
where is white mater located in brain and spinal
Brain: Central
Spinal: peripheral
152
leminisci
flattened tract
153
funiculi
round thick tract
154
relays all nerve impluse from the CNS to the body
PNS
155
collection of cell bodies and neurons that have common funtion in PNS
Ganglia
156
counterpart of Nucles in CNS
Ganglia
157
counterpart of tracts from cns
Nerves
158
collection of fibers that are called bundles or fascicles
Nerves
159
this keep fascicles together
Epineurium
160
connective tissue are enveloped by this tissue
perineurium
161
in each fascicle it is covered by
Endoneurium
162
12 nerves cranial nerves
Cranial nerves
163
31 pairs. found in the spinal
Spinal nerves
164
cranial nerve that is a tract
CNII
165
have axons, transmits impulses to the CNS
Afferent
166
transmits impluses to the effector or motor
Efferent nerves
167
functional divisions of nervous system
Anatomically - CNS & PNS
| Functionally- SNS & ANS
168
functionally parts of Nervous system
SNS
| ANS
