Nervous Tissue

Question 1

What are the 2 anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

Answer 1

Central Nervous System

and

Peripheral Nervous System

Question 2

What are the 2 parts of the CNS?

Answer 2

Brain and Spinal Cord

Question 3

What are the 2 parts of the PNS?

Answer 3

Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves

Question 4

What are the 2 groups of cells that make up the nervous system?

Answer 4

Neurones and glial cells.

Question 5

What are the main functional units of the nervous system?

Answer 5

Neurones

Question 6

What is the function of neurones?

Answer 6

Send signals around the body

Question 7

What is the function of the nervous system?

Answer 7

To provide rapid and precise communication between different parts of the body via neurones

Question 8

What are glial cells?

Answer 8

Highly branched cells that occupy the spaces between neurones

Question 9

What is the function of glial cells?

Answer 9

Surround neurones and provide them with support, protection, nutrients, and immune functions

Question 10

What are dendrites?

Answer 10

Highly branched cellular processes which extend out from the cell body of the neurone

Question 11

What is the processing unit of a neurone cell?

Answer 11

The cell body

Question 12

What are the several smaller branches at the end of an axon called?

Answer 12

Terminal boutons

Question 13

What are 2 potential interactions of the terminal boutons?

Answer 13

1. With other neurones in a pathway

or

2. With effector organs

Question 14

What are 2 functions of a neurotransmitter?

Answer 14

1. Mediate neuron to neuron communication

2. Deliver messages to receptors on acceptor organs

Question 15

What size are the nuclei of neurones? What does this reflect?

Answer 15

LARGE.

Reflects the intense metabolic activity of the neurone

Question 16

What is present in neurones that reflects the intense protein turnover in these cells?

Answer 16

Rough end endoplasmic reticulum

Question 17

What can be said about mitochondria in neurones? What does this reflect?

Answer 17

ABUNDANT.

Reflects the large amount of ATP required to maintain ionic gradients across neurone membranes

Question 18

What is not present in neurones and what does this mean if the cell is damaged?

Answer 18

Centrioles aren’t present.

This means no division can occur therefore the cell cannot repair itself following damage.

Question 19

What part of the nervous system are axons myelinated AND unmyelinated?

Answer 19

PNS

Question 20

What part of the nervous system are axons myelinated?

Answer 20

CNS

Question 21

What increases axon action potential conduction?

Answer 21

Myelination

Question 22

What can be said about the diameter of axons and conductivity?

Answer 22

The greater the diameter, the more rapid the conductivity of action potentials

Question 23

What are the 4 cell types of the CNS?

Answer 23

• Ependymal cells
• Astrocytes
• Microglia
• Oligodendrocytes

Question 24

What are the 2 cell types of the PNS?

Answer 24

• Satellite cells

- Schwann cells

Question 25

What cells make up a simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium that lines the cavities of the brain and spinal canal?

Answer 25

Ependymal cells

Question 26

What is the function of cilia and micro villi in ependymal cells?

Answer 26

Moving spinal fluid and regulating its composition

Question 27

What is absent in ependymal cells?

Answer 27

Basement membrane

Question 28

What are 3 structural features of astrocytes?

Answer 28

1. Star shaped 2. Large 3. Highly branched

Question 29

What are the most glial abundant cells in the CNS?

Answer 29

Astrocytes

Question 30

What is the function of astrocytes?

Answer 30

Wrap around blood vessels and regulate the exchange of metabolites between neurones and the vascular system

Question 31

What are microglia cells derived from?

Answer 31

Monocytes and macrophages

Question 32

What do microglia cells do in response to tissue damage?

Answer 32

Turn into large phagocytes

Question 33

What is the function of microglia cells?

Answer 33

Remove microbes and dead cells from the CNS

Question 34

How do oligodendrocytes provide structural support to axons?

Answer 34

They form a myelin sheath which encases the axon

Question 35

How do oligodendrocytes provide functional support to axons?

Answer 35

Myelin increases the rate of action potential conduction along the axon

Question 36

Where are satellite cells located?

Answer 36

In ganglions in the PNS

Question 37

What are ganglions?

Answer 37

Aggregations of neuronal cell bodies located near to the spinal chord

Question 38

What is the function of satellite cells?

Answer 38

Provide protection by covering the surfaces of cell bodies of neurones

Question 39

What PNS cells are small and flat?

Answer 39

Satellite cells

Question 40

What is the function of Schwann cells?

Answer 40

Form myelin sheaths around PNS axons

Question 41

What are the 2 divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System?

Answer 41

Motor and sensory

Question 42

What is meant by afferents?

Answer 42

Impulses travelling towards the CNS

Question 43

What is meant by efferents?

Answer 43

Impulses travelling away from the CNS

Question 44

What is meant by somatic?

Answer 44

Conscious responses

Question 45

What is meant by visceral?

Answer 45

Unconscious responses

Question 46

What portion of the PNS involves Somatic and Visceral AFFERENTS?

Answer 46

Sensory PNS

Question 47

What portion of the PNS involves Somatic and Visceral EFFERENTS?

Answer 47

Motor PNS

Question 48

How many PAIRS of spinal nerves are there?

Answer 48

31 pairs

Question 49

How many TYPES of spinal nerve pairs are there?

Answer 49

5 types

Question 50

Name the names and numbers of the spinal nerve types.

Answer 50

8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal

Question 51

How many coccygeal spinal nerve pairs are there?

Answer 51

1

Question 52

How many lumbar spinal nerve pairs are there?

Answer 52

5

Question 53

How many sacral spinal nerve pairs are there?

Answer 53

5

Question 54

How many thoracic spinal nerve pairs are there?

Answer 54

12

Question 55

How many cervical spinal nerve pairs are there?

Answer 55

8

Question 56

What are myotomes?

Answer 56

Blocks of muscle supplied by motor axons

Question 57

What are dermatomes?

Answer 57

Regions of well defined structures within the body supplied by sensory axons

Question 58

What type of axon supplies myotomes?

Answer 58

Motor

Question 59

What type of axon supplies dermatomes?

Answer 59

Sensory

Question 60

In what root are myotomes found?

Answer 60

Ventral root

Question 61

In what root are dermatomes found?

Answer 61

Dorsal root

Question 62

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

Answer 62

12 pairs

Question 63

What do the cranial nerves supply?

Answer 63

Sensory and Motor nerve supply to the head and neck

Question 64

Name the 12 cranial nerves

Answer 64

``` Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal ```

Question 65

Name the 12 cranial nerve pairs and give their functions

Answer 65

``` Olfactory - smell Optic - sight Oculomotor - moves eyes Trochlear - moves eyes Trigeminal - moves facial muscles Abducens - moves eyes Facial - taste and expression Vestibulocochlear - hearing Glossopharyngeal - taste and swallowing Vagus - parasympathetic control of GIT Accessory - moves head and shoulders Hypoglossal - moves tongue ```

Question 66

Afferent signals from where usually don't give rise to sensations?

Answer 66

Internal organs

Question 67

What do somatic efferents control?

Answer 67

Voluntary muscle

Question 68

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

Answer 68

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and some glands