NETWORK COMPONENTS 1 Flashcards
(196 cards)
1
Q
is any device capable of sending and/or receiving information over a communications channel,
providing communications interface functions
A
Terminal
2
Q
Basic terminal components
A
Input Mechanism
Output Mechanism
Communications Interface
3
Q
provides input capability in
most terminals
A
keyboard
4
Q
Captures data from the user or
environment (e.g., keyboard, touchscreen,
scanner)
A
INPUT MECHANISM
5
Q
Handles data transmission between the
terminal and other systems (e.g., USB, Wi0Fi, Bluetooth)
A
COMMUNICATION INTERFACE
6
Q
Displays or delivers processed data to the
user (e.g., screen, printer, speaker)
A
OUTPUT MECHANISM
7
Q
is a device which ends a
telecommunications link and is the point at which a signal enters or leaves a network.
A
Terminal
8
Q
converts network-provided signals
(optical, electrical, or wireless) into component signals, including voice, audio, video, data, wireless, optical, and interactive services, and is considered a network device on the premises that
is connected to a communications service
provider and is powered at the premises
A
Terminal
9
Q
three types of keys
A
Text keys
Control keys
Function keys
10
Q
A to Z, the numbers 0-9 and special characters.
A
Text keys
11
Q
for the communication control codes, such as START, STOP, DELETE, and END OF TRANSMISSION
A
Control keys
12
Q
which include carriage return, backspace and horizontal tab.
Some terminals contain processing capability that enables the user to program
special operations into auxiliary function keys (WWW key which connects directly
to internet). Some terminals have only function keys, each key represents an item,
depression of the key actually enters the preprogrammed price of the item, its
identification and perhaps additional information.
A
Function keys
13
Q
convert the character(s)
indicated by the pressed key into a serial bit stream for transmission over a data
link. Each character is represented by a code, generally either ASCII or EBCDIC
A
keyboard equipped terminal
14
Q
Which will have only number keys. It facilitates rapid entry of numeric data to the terminal
or the application may be dialing a number as in telephone handset
A
NUMERIC PAD
15
Q
It is a pen shaped I/O device used to touch the screen. The light activates the location
where it was touched. It can be used to write or sketch or erase certain lines on the video monitor of the computer. It is also used for inputting graphics and reading bar codes.
A
LIGHT PEN
16
Q
A special monitor that lets the user make choices by touching icons or graphical buttons on the screen with fingers and are used for interactive displays in museums and in automatic teller machines
A
TOUCH SCREEN
17
Q
Hand held device used to point a cursor at a desired place on a computer screen; a
click instructs the computer to take some action
A
Mouse
18
Q
It is upside down mouse, which is common in laptop computers.
A
TRACK BALL
19
Q
A piece of hardware for digitizing images and come in several versions, from
grayscale to color, and capable of scanning a variety of bit depths.
A
SCANNER
20
Q
gives the necessary information
regarding a product to the customer as well as to the owner, such as price, category, etc. It can give necessary information like inventory details, tax payments to the company management.
A
BAR CODE
21
Q
the laser beam inside the scanner touches the bars, the black bars absorb the beam and the whites reflect the beam. A photo diode in the scanner converts the beam into electrical pulses. These pulses are fed to the computer, which converts them into digital codes. These digital codes, in turn, reach the main computer to give necessary information pertaining to theproduct.
A
BAR CODE SCANNERS
22
Q
converts the beam into electrical pulses
A
photo diode
23
Q
With digital cameras and digital camcorders direct digital entry is available for graphics and full motion video.
A
DIRECT DIGITAL ENTRY
24
Q
Many systems can recognize pretrained
words if spoken distinctly with pauses between words.
A
DIRECT VOICE ENTRY
25
Output device that uses striking action to make impressions on paper.
Impact printer
26
T Y P E S O F I M P A C T P R I N T E R
Character printer
Dot matrix printer
27
These printers print on character at a time e.g., Daisy wheel printer.
Character printer
28
In these printers, a collection of dots forms each of
the printed characters. Therefore, there is no preset limit on the
number or types of characters that can be printed
Dot matrix printer
29
each line is printed twice. The second printing is offset slightly so that it hides the individual dots
NLQ (near letter quality) mode
30
uses seven or eight dots vertically and five to eight horizontally
to produce a letter. The higher quality style of dot matrix printer uses
24 dots (or pins) vertically
standard dot matrix printer
31
Output device that uses laser beams or streams of
ink, rather than striking action, to make images on paper.
Non-impact printer
32
TYPES OF NON-IMPACT PRINTER
-Thermal wax transfer/ Dye sublimation printers
-Ink Jet/ Bubble Jet printers
-Laser printer
33
They use heat to transfer
pigment from a plastic ribbon to the paper
Thermal wax transfer/ Dye sublimation printers
34
It is a non-impact printer that shoots fine
streams of ink onto paper
Ink Jet/ Bubble Jet printers
35
It is a non impact printer that uses laser beams to write
information on photo sensitive drums, over which paper and toner pass,
making images on paper. __________ are high speed, high quality devices
which produce very high-resolution text and graphics, making them suitable
for desk top publishing
Laser printer
36
uses liquid ink
Liquid Inkjet
37
uses solid ink sticks
Solid Inkjet
38
Output device that uses computer directed pens to create complex, high quality images
Plotter
39
Two types of Plotter
Flat bed plotter
Drum plotter
40
It moves a pen up and sown across a flat drawing s
Flat bed plotter
41
In this paper is fixed or supported on a drum and pen moves only from side to side
Drum plotter
42
produce different colors by using multiple pens
Multicolor plotters
43
Examples of Plotters
Pen plotters, electrostatic plotters, dot matrix impact plotters
44
Terminals that provide user with visual display of input and output.
Video display terminals
45
It consists of cathode ray tube and its power supplies.
CRT display
46
consists of a glass vacuum
tube that contains one electron gun for a monochrome display, or three (red, green, and blue) electron guns
for a color display
CRT display
47
sweep rapidly a cross the inside of the screen from the
upper left to the bottom right of the screen.
Electron beams
48
To stop the image from flickering, the beams sweep at a rate of between 43 and 87 times per second, depending on the phosphor persistence, and the scanning mode used is interlaced or non-interlaced. This is known as _______ and is measured in Hz.
refresh rate
49
A very narrow display that uses one of several technologies, such as
electroluminescence, LCD, or thin film transistors.
Flat panel display
50
uses electric current to align crystals in a special liquid. The rod shaped
crystals are contained between two parallel transparent electrodes, and when current is applied, they change
their orientation, creating a darker area.
Liquid crystal display (LCD)
51
are also back-lit or side-lit to increase visibility and
reduce the possibility of eyestrain
LCD screens
52
uses a transistor to control every row of pixels on the screen. They are
slower to respond, have weaker colors, and have a narrower viewing angle, but they are cheaper than active
matrix screens
Passive matrix screen
53
uses an individual transistor to control every pixel on the screen. They have
high contrast, wide viewing angle, vivid colors, and fast screen refresh rates, and they do not show the
streaking or shadowing
Active matrix screen
54
consist of two glass plates separated by a thin gap filled with a mixture of
argon and neon gas. Each plate has several parallel electrodes running across it. The electrodes on the two
plates run at right angles to each other. A voltage pulse applied between two electrodes, one on each plate,
causes a small segment of gas at the intersection of the two electrodes to glow. The glow of gas segments is
maintained by a lower voltage that is continuously applied to all electrodes. A similar pulsing arrangement can
be used to selectively turn points off.
Plasma display/panels
55
Enhanced terminal components
Input Mechanism
Output Mechanism
Communications Interface
Buffer Storage
56
is a small memory that holds a block of data while it is being transmitted, received, keyed in,
displayed, or otherwise manipulated. It can be used for output as well as input purposes
buffer
57
transmits the entire block of characters at its designed transmission speed over the
data link and then frees the data link for access by other users
buffered terminal
58
gives a single character as output at a time
unbuffered terminal
59
It is an I/O device that incorporates processing capability such as text editing, character
checking, encoding/decoding, and communication handling within the terminal itself. It contains a little
computer, which may be a microprocessor or a minicomputer having some level of programmability
Intelligent terminal
60
It is the fundamental requirement for intelligent terminals.
Buffering
61
insert/delete line, display page (blocking of data), and others
Special editing function keys
62
if the internal memory of a video terminal exceeds the size of the screen, data can be
moved off and on the screen a line at a time (scrolling) or a block at a time (paging)
Paging/scrolling
63
such as Move Up/Down/Left/Right/Home/End, facilitate data input and editing.
Cursor controls
64
-the capability of displaying a form to be filled in by an operator
Format control
65
entered directly from the keyboard and executed by the terminal
Custom software programs
66
It is normally a teleprinter and a video display terminal. It is cheaper than intelligent terminal.
Dumb terminal
67
are characterized by their printing capability. These are usually
dumb terminals.
Teleprinter terminals (Hardcopy terminals)
68
has the advantage of the
processing capability of the computer to provide additional capabilities
PC terminals
69
A standalone information station that allows users to browse and retrieve
information
Interactive terminals
Kiosk
70
: A terminal defined as a standard on a network that can handle diverse terminals. Signals to
and from each non standard terminal are converted to equivalent standard terminal signals by an interface
computer. The network protocols then operate as though all terminals were the standard virtual terminals
Virtual terminal
71
is any type of specialized terminal configured to operate in a remote
location and to transmit and/or receive data from a host computer in batch form, usually over a voice grade
line
Remote job entry terminals
72
It is also called as remote batch terminal (RBT)
Remote job entry terminals
73
are special purpose terminals devoted to a particular type of application
Transaction terminals
74
They are primarily used in the retail environment and supermarkets for
recording data as sales are made. Some of them are capable of reading bar codes printed on the product
Point of sale (POS) terminals
75
They are transaction terminals used to read account, identifying information on the
magnetic strips (on credit cards) and are used to verify credit status
Credit/debit terminals
76
include automatic teller machines (ATMs), passbook reader/printers, magnetic ink
character recognition (MICR) equipment, and the like.
Banking terminals
77
where users can deposit or withdraw money, make
transfers between different bank accounts, and pay bills
Automated teller machines(ATMs)
78
MICR
magnetic ink character recognition
79
are designed to withstand severe conditions, such as vibration and heat.
They are usually configured as input devices
Factory data collection terminals
80
Factory data collection terminals
Facsimile (FAX) terminal
81
Application that converts and sends the white and black areas of a page over
telephone wires or wireless networks to a receiving machine that converts the coding back into white and
black areas and prints the message
Facsimile (FAX)
82
Terminal device that does not share a controller with another terminal
Stand alone terminal
83
Terminal through which data can be entered by means of a typewriter like keyboard.
Keyboard terminal
84
Terminal specialized by hardware and/ or software to display graphics in
addition to text
Graphics terminal
85
Terminals that are in the same room or building may be configured in a cluster. Each stand alone terminal device has its own controller, which manages its interface to communications lines. By clustering terminals, a single cluster control unit (CCU) can serve the entire set of devices thereby lowering costs and improving line utilization
CLUSTER CONTROL UNIT
86
They allow several remote terminals at one site on a common multipoint circuit to share a single modem at that site. Modem
sharing devices do not multiplex; they simply provide a means of sharing the serial interface of one modem among several terminals.
MODEM SHARING DEVICES
87
These devices are also called as control units or cluster controllers
MODEM SHARING DEVICES
88
It is the process of asking each device in a prearranged sequence if it has a message to send; if so, the polling sequence is interrupted while that device is being serviced
POLLING
89
is a type of polling method where the control unit (or polling device) sequentially queries
each device in a network or system, one by one, to check if it has any data to send. Each
device is asked in turn, and if a device has data, it can transmit. If a device has no data, the
control unit moves on to the next one in the sequence. This continues until all devices are
polled
ROLL CALL POLLING
90
The addressed terminal turns the line around. If it has data, it sends the data to the controller otherwise it puts a polling message addressed to its neighbor on the line.
HUB POLLING
91
They allow interconnection of terminals or microcomputers to host mainframe computers
in many types of configurations.
LINE ADAPTERS
92
enable terminal users to connect to more than one network and switch between them, without plugging or unplugging any connector cables.
LINE INTERFACE MODULES
93
It allows several incoming communication circuits to use a single port on a front end
processor. All front end processors have a fixed capacity of ports. A port sharing device may be used when users want to exceed this designed capacity
PORT SHARING DEVICE
94
are similar to port sharing devices except in the matter of location. Line
splitters are located at the remote end of the communication circuit, where as port sharing
devices are at the central site close to the host mainframe computer
LINE SPLITTER
95
They allow two or more analog circuits to be shared as one. Bridges are not multiplexers.
They allow one modem to be used with circuits to more than one destination. Telephone
companies and users use bridges to create multipoint analog circuits from point to point
segments.
LINE BRIDGING DEVICES
96
They are used to connect two DTEs directly. They also are called null
modems.
MODEM ELIMINATORS
97
TYPES OF TERMINALS TO BE USED IN A NETWORK
DUMB TERMINALS
SMART TERMINALS
INTELLIGENT TERMINALS
TERMINAL EMULATION
98
have no processing power; not addressable; cannot respond to polling
messages; no error detection; located near host computer
DUMB TERMINALS
99
nonprogrammable; addressable; data stored in buffer to transmit block
mode; limited processing capabilities
SMART TERMINALS
100
contains own processor; runs applications; PC is example; provides better
line utilization; communication software must run in the terminal
INTELLIGENT TERMINALS
101
can emulate any of the 3 terminal types
TERMINAL EMULATION
102
sometimes simply referred to as
“mux”
MULTIPLEXERS
103
is a device that selects between a number
of input signals
MULTIPLEXERS
104
is a device that combines multiple
signals or data streams into one single signal that can be sent over a shared channel. This helps make better use of the available bandwidth by allowing several pieces of data to be sent at the same time
MULTIPLEXERS
105
ADVANTAGES OF MULTIPLEXING
EFFICIENT USE OF BANDWIDTH
INCREASED DATA TRANSMISSION
SCALABILITY
FLEXIBILITY
106
DISADVANTAGES OF MULTIPLEXING
SYNCHRONIZATION ISSUES
LATENCY
SIGNAL DEGRADATION
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
107
provide end-to-end error checking and
correction, and circuit sharing
Multiplexers
108
A device that combines data traffic from several low speed communication circuits onto a single high speed circuit
Multiplexers
109
They can be used on multipoint circuits, but individual channels usually must each be for start stop data
Frequency division multiplexers
110
is defined as a type of multiplexing where the bandwidth of a single physical medium is divided into a number of smaller,
independent frequency channels
FREQUENCY DEVIATION MULTIPLEXING
111
is used in radio and television transmission.
FREQUENCY DEVIATION MULTIPLEXING
112
we can observe a lot of inter-channel cross-talk because in this type of
multiplexing the bandwidth is divided into frequency channels. In order to
prevent the inter-channel cross talk, unused strips of bandwidth must be
placed between each channel
FREQUENCY DEVIATION MULTIPLEXING
113
In order to
prevent the inter-channel cross talk, unused strips of bandwidth must be
placed between each channel. These unused strips between each channel are
known as
GUARD BANDS
114
is multiplexing where in FDM, instead of sharing a portion of the bandwidth in the form of channels, in this multiplexing the time is shared. Each connection occupies a portion of time in the link.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
115
all signals operate with the same frequency (bandwidth) at different times
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
116
They can be used if all channels are point to point
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
117
They permit mixing of bit rates of the sub-channels
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
117
Line capacity utilization is better than FDMs. They generally allow faster bit
rates and potentially more channels than FDM at less cost
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
118
TYPES OF TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
1. SYNCHRONOUS TDM
2. STATISTICAL OR ASYNCHRONOUS TDM OR SMART TDM
119
is a type of Time Division Multiplexing where the input frame already has
a slot in the output frame. Time slots are grouped into frames. One frame consists of one cycle of time slots
SYNCHRONOUS TDM
120
is not efficient because if the input frame has no data to send, a slot remains empty in the output frame. In this, we need to mention the synchronous bit at the beginning of each frame
SYNCHRONOUS TDM
121
is a type of Time Division Multiplexing where the output frame collects data
from the input frame till it is full not leaving an empty slot like in Synchronous TDM. In this, we need to include the address of each particular data in the slot that is being sent to the output frame.
STATISTICAL OR ASYNCHRONOUS TDM OR SMART TDM
122
is a more efficient type of time-division multiplexing as the channel capacity is fully utilized and improves the bandwidth efficiency
STATISTICAL OR ASYNCHRONOUS TDM OR SMART TDM
123
Is an advanced form of statistical time division multiplexer (STDM) that combines voice, video and data transmission. It typically supports high data transmission rates (1 to 2 Mbps).
FAST PACKET MULTIPLEXER
124
can determine which transmissions are
more important, such as voice transmissions
FAST PACKET MULTIPLEXER
125
To achieve greater packet transmission speed, ______________ remove repetitive characters from data transmissions and gaps from digitized voice transmissions.This multiplexing allows both the data and voice to be sent with less capacity on the multiplexed circuit. The remaining capacity can be used for more data or voice transmissions.
FAST PACKET MULTIPLEXER
126
They assign each terminal a dedicated portion of the transmission capacity of the shared line
Classical TDMs (or dumb TDM)
127
send idle (masking) bits when a channel becomes inactive, they waste a lot of potential capacity when the duty cycles are low
Classical TDMs (or dumb TDM)
128
They should be used if the duty cycles (time sent filling time slots with actual data) of the data channels to be multiplexed are relatively high
Classical TDMs (or dumb TDM)
129
means that the channel is actually carrying
bits most of the time
high duty cycle
130
A time division multiplexer (TDM) that dynamically allocates communication circuit time to each of the various attached terminals, according to whether a terminal is active or inactive at a particular moment.
Buffering and queuing functions are also included
Statistical TDMs (or smart TDMs)
131
Whenever usage statistics show low duty cycles as the normal mode of utilization for most of the channels to be multiplexed, a __________ is usually a good choice
Statistical TDMs (or smart TDMs)
132
These devices send only
data bits (no idle bits), so they can appear to have a higher total bit rate than the actual rate if high percentage of idle bits are coming from the terminals
Statistical TDMs (or smart TDMs)
133
TDM can be visualized as two fast-rotating switches: one on the multiplexing side and the other on the demultiplexing side.
The switches are synchronized and rotate at the same speed but in different directions
INTERLEAVING
134
On the ___________, as the switch opens in front of a connection, that connection has the opportunity to send a unit onto the path.
Multiplexing side
135
METHODS OF INTERLEAVING
1. BIT INTERLEAVING
2. CHARACTER(BYTE) INTERLEAVING
136
Bits from different streams are sent sequentially, one bit at a time
BIT INTERLEAVING
137
Entire characters (usually 1 byte) from different streams are interleaved
CHARACTER(BYTE) INTERLEAVING
138
Each time slot is one bit long.
Totally transparent to the terminals.
Bit interleaved multiplexer
139
Each time slot is one byte long.
The start-stop bits of the characters are stripped during multiplexing and again
reinserted after demultiplexing
Byte interleaved multiplexer
140
THREE CABLE CHOICES FOR TDMs
Single-mode
Multimode
Single-mode/multimode
141
optical-fiber cable allows only one mode to propagate. The fiber has a very
small core diameter of approximately 8 μm. It permits signal transmission at extremely high bandwidths and allows very long transmission distances.
Single-mode
142
fiber-optic cable supports the propagation of multiple modes. It may have a
typical core diameter of 50 μm with a refractive index that is graded or stepped, so allowing use of inexpensive LED light sources. Connector alignment and coupling is less critical than with single-mode fiber. Distances of transmission and transmission bandwidth are also less than with single-mode fiber due to dispersion
Multimode
143
time-division multiplexers can be used with both single-mode and multimode cable types.
Single-mode/multimode
144
is a multiplexing technology used to
increase the capacity of optical fiber by transmitting multiple optical signals
simultaneously over a single optical fiber, each with a different wavelength.
WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
145
Each signal is carried on a different wavelength of light, and the resulting
signals are combined onto a single optical fiber for transmission. At the
receiving end, the signals are separated by their wavelengths, demultiplexed
and routed to their respective destinations.
WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
146
It is used in telecommunications, cable TV, ISPs, and data centers for high speed, long-distance data transmission.
WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
147
CATEGORIES OF WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
1. DENSE WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (DWDM)
2. COARSE WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (CWDM)
148
is used to multiplex a large number of optical signals onto a single fiber, typically up to 80 channels with a spacing of 0.8 nm or less between the channels.
DENSE WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (DWDM)
149
is used for lower-capacity applications, typically up to 18 channels with a spacing of 20 nm between the channels.
COARSE WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (CWDM)
150
is a multiplexing process in which various information can be
combined for instantaneous transmission of a frequency band. This multiplexing technique is used to allow multiple users to send a single communication
CODE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
151
CODE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING is also called
CDMA or Code Division Multiple Access
152
separates one signal from another by giving each signal a series of bits called the spreading code. This spreading is combined with the original signal to form a new coded data stream, which is then sent to the shared medium. Then the demultiplexer, knowing the code, can recover the original signal by removing the spread code, called backpropagation
CODE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
153
a series of bits
spreading code
154
the demultiplexer, knowing the code, can recover the original signal by removing the spread code, called ___________________
backpropagation
155
FEATURES OF MULTIPLEXERS
1. ALTERNATE ROUTING
2. TERMINAL-TO-HOST MAPPING
3. NETWORK MANAGEMENT
CAPABILITY
4. INTEGRATED CSU/DSU
156
can transmit data around network
congestion
ALTERNATE ROUTING
157
can determine route for user to log onto network and address any host
TERMINAL-TO-HOST MAPPING
158
remote network management system can
monitor the network through an interface
into the multiplexer
NETWORK MANAGEMENT
CAPABILITY
159
eliminates the need for a separate
outboard device
INTEGRATED CSU/DSU
160
A device that combines several communications channels into one. It is often used to tie multiple terminals together into one line. It differs from a
multiplexor, which also combines several lines into one, because the total bandwidth of a concentrator's inputs is not equal to its outputs. A _________ may temporarily store data to allow for this discrepancy, whereas a multiplexor does not.
CONCENTRATOR
161
usually provides communication
capability between many low-speed, usually asynchronous channels and one or more highspeed, usually synchronous channels. Usually different speeds, codes, and protocols can be accommodated on the low-speed side. The lowspeed channels usually operate in contention and
require buffering
CONCENTRATOR
162
is similar to the multiplexer except
that is usually a single-end device. At the terminal end, devices connect to the concentrator that connects to the facility, and at the host end, the facility is routed directly into the front-end processor.
CONCENTRATOR
163
is a device that acts as an efficient forwarder of data transmission
signals
CONCENTRATOR
164
is sometimes referred to as a concentrator
remote access hub
165
is a node that broadcasts data to
every computer or Ethernet-based device
connected to it
network hub
166
is also frequently used with
approximately the same meaning. A typical
concentrator or remote access hub is a device that handles incoming dial-up calls for an Internet (or other network) point-of-presence and performs other services.
aggregator
167
is any device that serves multiple
other devices or users either with
aggregator
168
On the Internet, a ___________ is an access point from one place to the rest of the Internet.
point-of-presence (POP)
169
may be able to handle up to 100 dial-up modem calls, support a certain number of ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network),a set of CCITT/ITU standards for circuit-switched transmission, connections and support leased line and frame relay traffic while also functioning as a router.
concentrator or hub
170
A _________ aggregates and forwards data packets within a system. A concentrator may also administrate various dial-up internet calls and function as a network router
concentrator
171
to talk about a system that takes in
buffered packets and puts them into a single queue. The concentrator may take packets from FIFO buffers and put them in a position for linear handling.
network concentrator
172
IT professionals may talk about a network
concentrator as a
forwarder
173
manage devices that operate asynchronously,
meaning the data transmission does not occur in a synchronized manner. The
devices may send data at different speeds or at irregular intervals
ASYNCHRONOUS CONCENTRATOR
174
These concentrators buffer and store the data temporarily before transmitting it to the main network. The main goal is to consolidate several low-speed asynchronous connections into a higher-speed communication path.
ASYNCHRONOUS CONCENTRATOR
175
are designed to manage devices that operate in synchronization with a common clock or time interval. The devices typically
transmit data at fixed intervals, and their communication speed is consistent.
SYNCHRONOUS CONCENTRATOR
176
These concentrators do not require buffering for synchronization as all
connected devices operate within the same time frame. The data streams are
multiplexed into a single, higher-speed channel that transmits at the
synchronized rate.
SYNCHRONOUS CONCENTRATOR
177
is used to aggregate several low-speed digital signals (e.g., data, voice) into a single higher-speed digital signal.
DIGITAL CONCENTRATOR
178
It works by converting multiple low-speed channels into a high-speed digital
data stream. This often involves encoding and multiplexing the incoming
signals.
DIGITAL CONCENTRATOR
179
aggregate low-speed analog signals into one or more high-speed analog signals
ANALOG CONCENTRATOR
180
work with signals that are not digitally encoded, such as
analog voice or video signals. The concentrator might use techniques like
frequency division multiplexing (FDM) to combine the signals.
ANALOG CONCENTRATOR
181
are used in fiber optic networks to combine several lower-speed optical signals into one high-speed signal.
OPTICAL CONCENTRATOR
182
These concentrators work by using optical multiplexing techniques such as
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) or Time Division Multiplexing (TDM).
Multiple optical signals with different wavelengths or time slots are combined
into a single fiber optic cable
OPTICAL CONCENTRATOR
183
is a device that connects multiple low-speed network devices (such as workstations or computers) to a higher-speed backbone
network
LAN CONCENTRATOR
184
The concentrator aggregates traffic from low-speed or legacy devices and
forwards it to a higher-speed backbone. It can also provide buffering and
traffic management for better coordination
LAN CONCENTRATOR
185
is a software-based solution used to aggregate and manage multiple communication streams over a virtual network.
VIRTUAL CONCENTRATOR
186
Rather than using hardware to aggregate signals, a virtual concentrator
operates within a virtualized network environment. It is typically used in cloud
computing and virtual private networks (VPNs) to combine traffic streams into
a centralized path.
VIRTUAL CONCENTRATOR
187
The various functions of concentrator with
buffering and processing capability will
cover all aspects of communications
processing A device which can do the
following functions can be called as
communications processor
188
network component
network component
189
are high-configuration computers
that manage the resources of the
network. The network operating system is
typically installed in the server and so they
give user accesses to the network
resources
SERVERS
190
are computers that request and
receive service from the servers to access
and use the network resources
CLIENTS
191
are computers that provide as well
as receive services from other peers in a
workgroup network
PEERS
192
are the channels through which data is
transferred from one device to another in a network. __________- may be guided media like coaxial cable, fibre optic cables etc; or maybe unguided media like microwaves, infra-red waves etc.
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
193
act as middleware between networks or
computers, by binding the network media together
CONNECTING DEVICE
194
is typically installed in the
server and facilitate workstations in a network to share files,
database, applications, printers etc
NETWORKING OPERATING SYSTEM
195
is a rule or guideline followed by each computer for data communication. _________ is a set of related protocols that are laid down for computer networks
PROTOCOL SUITE
