Neural Control of Voluntary Movement

Question 1

Every muscle fiber is innervated by ______

Answer 1

somatic motor neuron

Question 2

Five levels of control of the Central Nervous System

Answer 2

• cerebral cortex
• basal ganglia
• cerebellum
• brain stem
• spinal cord

Question 3

Cerebral cortex

Answer 3

• highest level of control

- provides for the creation of voluntary movement as aggregated muscle action, but not as specific muscle activity

Question 4

What does cerebral cortex interprets?

Answer 4

It interprets sensory stimuli from a body to a degree of needed responses

Question 5

Basal Ganglia

Answer 5

-the next lower level from cerebral cortex

Question 6

What does basal ganglia control?

Answer 6

• maintenance of postures & equilibrium
• learned movements such as driving a car
• sensory integration for balance & rhythmic activities

Question 7

Cerebellum

Answer 7

• a major integrator of sensory impulses

- provides feedback relative to motion

Question 8

What does cerebellum control?

Answer 8

timing and intensity of muscle activity to assist in the refinement of movements

Question 9

Brain stem

Answer 9

-integrates all CNS activity through excitation and inhibition of desired neuromuscular functions

Question 10

What does brain stem functions in?

Answer 10

Functions in arousal or maintaining a wakeful state

Question 11

Spinal cord

Answer 11

• common pathway between CNS and PNS

- has the most specific control

Question 12

Spinal cord integrates _____ and ______

Answer 12

• various simple & complex spinal reflexes

- cortical and basal ganglia activity with various classifications of spinal reflexes

Question 13

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is divided into ___ and ____.

Answer 13

sensory & motor division

Question 14

What is the PNS sensory division?

Answer 14

Sensory or afferent nerves bring impulses from receptors in skin, joints, muscles, & other peripheral aspects of body to CNS

Question 15

What is the PNS motor division?

Answer 15

Motor or efferent nerves carry impulses to outlying regions of body from the CNS

Question 16

Efferent nerves are subdivided into ___ and ____.

Answer 16

voluntary (somatic nerves) & involuntary (visceral nerves)

Question 17

What are somatic nerves?

Answer 17

• voluntary

- under concious control & carry impulses to skeletal muscles

Question 18

What are visceral nerves?

Answer 18

• involuntary
• referred to as the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
• carry impulses to the heart, smooth muscles, and glands

Question 19

PNS - 2 groups of nerves of primary importance

Answer 19

• cranial nerves

- spinal nerves

Question 20

What are cranial nerves?

Answer 20

12 pair originating from undersurface of brain & exiting from the cranial cavity through skull openings

Question 21

How are cranial nerves numbered?

Answer 21

numbered or the order in which they emerge from anterior to posterior

Question 22

How are cranial nerves named?

Answer 22

named in relation to their function or distribution

Question 23

Olfactory functions

Answer 23

• smell

- identifying familiar odors

Question 24

Optic functions

Answer 24

• sight or vision

- visual acuity

Question 25

oculomotor

Answer 25

- levator of eyelid | - upward, downward, & medial gaze, reaction to light

Question 26

Trochlear

Answer 26

- superior oblique muscle of eyeball | - downward and lateral gaze

Question 27

Trigerminal

Answer 27

- touch, pain | - muscles of mastication/chewing

Question 28

Facial

Answer 28

taste, touch, pain, facial muscles

Question 29

Vestibulocochlear (acoustic nerve)

Answer 29

- hearing, equilibrium/balance | - detecting presence of sounds, balance, & coordination

Question 30

Glossopharyngeal

Answer 30

- touch, pain - taste - muscle of pharynx - gag reflex, swallowing

Question 31

Vagus

Answer 31

- touch, pain - muscles of palate, pharynx, larynx - gag reflex, swallowing, speech

Question 32

Accessory

Answer 32

- sternocleidomastoid & trapezius muscle | - shoulder shrugging, head movement

Question 33

hypoglossal

Answer 33

- muscles of tongue | - tongue movements

Question 34

Spinal nerves

Answer 34

- 31 pairs originate from the spinal cord | - pass through openings between vertebrae on each side

Question 35

From each of side of spinal column, there are _____

Answer 35

- 8 cervical nerves - 12 thoracic nerves - 5 lumbar nerves - 5 sacral - 1 coccygeal nerve

Question 36

What forms the cervical plexus?

Answer 36

Cervical nerves 1 through 4

Question 37

Cervical plexus is responsible for ___

Answer 37

generally responsible for sensation from upper part of shoulders to back of head and front of neck

Question 38

What forms the brachial plexus?

Answer 38

Cervical nerves 5-8 & thoracic nerve 1

Question 39

Cervical plexus supplies _____

Answer 39

Supplies motor innervation to several muscles of the neck

Question 40

Brachial plexus supplies _____

Answer 40

Supplies motor & sensory function to the upper extremity and most of the scapula

Question 41

What forms the lumbosacral plexus?

Answer 41

All lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves

Question 42

Lumbosacral plexus supplies _____

Answer 42

Supplies sensation & motor function to lower trunk, entire lower extremity & perineum

Question 43

What is the function of spinal nerves?

Answer 43

Sensory function of spinal nerves is to provide feedback to CNS regarding skin sensation

Question 44

Dermatome

Answer 44

defined area of skin supplied by a specific spinal nerve

Question 45

Myotome

Answer 45

muscle or group of muscles supplied by specific spinal nerve

Question 46

What are neurons?

Answer 46

Basic functional units of nervous system responsible for generating & transmitting impulses

Question 47

What are dendrites?

Answer 47

one or more branching projections which transmit impulses to neuron and cell body

Question 48

What are axon?

Answer 48

an elongated projection that transmits impulses away from neuron cell bodies

Question 49

What are sensory neurons?

Answer 49

transmit impulses to spinal cord & brain from all part of body

Question 50

What are motor neurons?

Answer 50

transmits impulses away from the brain & spinal cord to muscle & grandular tissue

Question 51

What are interneurons?

Answer 51

are central or connecting neurons that conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons