Neural Networks

Question 0

One neuron can have as many as 1000 dendrites and

Answer 0

60 trillion synapses

Question 1

Born with all the neurons you are ever going to have

Answer 1

About 10 billion in the cortex

Question 2

Neuronal connection form

Answer 2

Billions of connections

Question 3

The cortex (comprised if neuron/cell bodies) becomes thicker (or thinner) based on…

Answer 3

The density, degree, or number of dendritic connections each of those neurons makes

Question 4

Dendritic connections provide us with ultimately neural networks

Answer 4

Yeppp

Question 5

External stimulus causes sets of neurons to fire

Answer 5

Build a more enriched dendritic carpet

Question 6

Neural networks
Make more connections
= cortical thickening

Answer 6

Via typical development, enriched and stimulating environment
Via stimulus- specific deliberate repetitive practice

Question 7

Neural networks

Make fewer connections= cortical thinning

Answer 7

Prune away unneeded or redundant or inefficient connections- selective thinning
Prune away unused it unstimulated or neglected connections= cortical thinning

Question 8

Arborization of dendrites

Answer 8

Increase receptive connectivity of each neuron
Which in turn supports development of rich neural networks
And efficient connections–> which is shaped by experiences, efforts, learning, practice or lack thereof

Question 9

Pools may be divergent

Answer 9

One presynaptic cell engages several pod synaptic cells

One item trigger many related items

Question 10

Pools of neurons may be convergent

Answer 10

Many presynaptic cells engage one post synaptic cell

Put hand in bag to figure out object

Question 11

Pools engage to form

Answer 11

Networks

Question 12

What do neural networks do

Answer 12

Engage in simultaneous firing of a group of linked neurons

This network is wired up to perf tin a specific type of cognitive or motor it sensory activity

Question 13

What is white matter in the cns

Answer 13

The axons of the billions of neurons which move away from the cell body

Question 14

White matter in the cns transmit neural impulses to the

Answer 14

Dendrites of other neurons which then wire up to form neural networks

Question 15

Neural networks are insulted with

Answer 15

A fatty /lipid substance called myelin which is whitish in color
Call tracts (not nerves-that is in pns)

Question 16

Where is white matter in cns

Answer 16

Cerebrum
Subcortex
Cerebellum
Brainstem

Question 17

White matter in cerebrum

Answer 17

Connecting gray matter/cortical structures; connecting basal ganglia and limbic structures to all the places they go

Question 18

White matter in subcortex

Answer 18

Running through thalamus nuclei on way to and/or from the cortex to the brainstem or cerebellum

Question 19

White matter in cerebellum

Answer 19

Moving to/from thalamus, limbic, cortex

Question 20

White matter in brainstem

Answer 20

Moving to/from cranial nerves, or to/from spinal cord, to connect with spinal nerves

Question 21

Efferent down thru spinal cord

Answer 21

Afferent up thru brainstem

Question 22

Types of tracts (myelinated axon fibers) in cns

Answer 22

Projection
Association
Commissural

Question 23

Projection. Travel

Answer 23

In a vertical manner, carry motor and sensory

Question 24

Two types of projection

Answer 24

Corona radiati | Internal capsule

Question 25

Corona radiati

Answer 25

Most superior go to motor and premotor, motor strip

Question 26

Internal capsule

Answer 26

Fibers bundle up and form right thick cable going thru brainstem -->at level of subcortical structures (one loss of blood supply, knock out many fibers)

Question 27

Association fibers direction

Answer 27

Bidirectional channels of communication between areas of one hemisphere

Question 28

Parts of association fibers

Answer 28

Superior longitudinal fasciculus Inferior longitudinal fasciculus Uncinate fasciculus Cingulum

Question 29

Commissural fibers travel

Answer 29

In a horizontal manner, connecting two hemispheres- communicate between

Question 30

Commissural fibers

Answer 30

Corpus callosum | Anterior commissure

Question 31

Do assoc fibers cross over into another hemi

Answer 31

No

Question 32

Projection fibers (one type of white matter tract in cns)

Answer 32

Move in vertical manner Project to points 'far away' in cns Axons are relatively long Many are heading down/up from either spinal or cranial nerves

Question 33

Anterior limb of corona radiati

Answer 33

Corticothalamic tracts From cortex to thalamus Generally excitatory Forms a circuit with thalamocortical tracts

Question 34

Anterior limb thalamocortical tracts

Answer 34

From thalamus to cortex Mostly to sensory processing and pre motor Generally inhibitory motor movements

Question 35

Anterior limb corticopontine tracts

Answer 35

From motor cortex to pins | Eventually to cranial nerves

Question 36

Genu corticibular tracts

Answer 36

From motor cortex to brainstem in general | For cranial nerve output

Question 37

Posterior limb corticospinal tracts

Answer 37

Innervate spinal neurons for motor outputs projection fibers from spinal input From skin joints to primary sensory cortex

Question 38

Corona radiati

Answer 38

Anterior limb Genu Posterior limb

Question 39

Internal capsule (projection fibers)

Answer 39

The convergence if fibers within the corona radiati

Question 40

Association fibers (another type of white matter tract in cns)

Answer 40

Connect areas within one hemisphere Shorter ones exist within one lobe Longer ones move between lobes

Question 41

Superior longitudinal fasciculus

Answer 41

Connects frontal lobe with occipital lobe | Has feeder branches that connect temporal to Wernickes and surrounding parietal

Question 42

Arcuate fasciculus

Answer 42

Many of the superior longitudinal fibers take a sharp curve and head down through the temporal lobe

Question 43

Uncinate fasciculus

Answer 43

Inferior aspect from anterior temporal horn. Inferior aspect of prefrontal cortex More direct route

Question 44

Cingulum (last association fiber)

Answer 44

``` C shaped Connects limbic lobe with temporal lobe Right below cingulate gyrus Just above the corpus callosum Move in ace like manner- memory, face and emotional processing ```

Question 45

Commissural fibers ( last type if white matter tracts in cns)

Answer 45

Connects the two hemi | Move laterally l-r ( if you are looking to the brain from a coronal cut)

Question 46

Corpus callosum

Answer 46

Best known for its job connecting the l and r hemi | So intra-hemispheric comm and integration

Question 47

Right hemi

Answer 47

Spatial, musical, temporal | Emtional and social component

Question 48

L hemi

Answer 48

Language, analytic, verbal

Question 49

Subcallosal area

Answer 49

Limbic structure Thalamus Hypothalamus Basal ganglia

Question 50

Anterior and posterior commissures | Two other Commissural fiber tracts located

Answer 50

Anterior To or posterior to the corpus callosum

Question 51

Anterior commissures connectss

Answer 51

Two olfactory bulbs Amygdalae Temporal lobes

Question 52

Posterior commissures connects

Answer 52

The two thalamic nuclei | Not everyone have this

Question 53

Connectomics

Answer 53

The process of using high resolution imaging to create a map (connectome) of the brains neural networks

Question 54

Principles of neural transmission

Answer 54

Convergence (multiple neurons-axons- converge to fire one individual neuron Divergence one neuron-axon- has an impact on multiple other receiving neurons

Question 55

Neural transmission dorm neural networks that are

Answer 55

Highly complex | Extremely vulnerable