neural signaling

Question 1

glial cells in the PNS

Answer 1

schwann cells

Question 2

glial cells in the CNS

Answer 2

oligodendrocytes, microglia, and astrocytes

Question 3

movement of proteins and other material from one part of a neuron to another

Answer 3

axonal transport

Question 4

structural components of axons

Answer 4

microtubules, microfilaments, and neurofilaments

Question 5

anterograde transport is from ___ to ____

Answer 5

cell body; terminal

Question 6

examples of things carried in anterograde transport

Answer 6

neurotransmitters, nutrients, enzymes

Question 7

motor protein on microtubules that assists in anterograde transport; similar to myosin contractile proteins

Answer 7

kinesins

Question 8

retrograde transport is from ____ toward ____

Answer 8

axon terminals; cell body

Question 9

things carried in retrograde transport

Answer 9

growth factors and viruses such as herpes, rabies, and polio

Question 10

motor protein involved in retrograde transport

Answer 10

dyneins

Question 11

____ tends to be the faster type of transport

Answer 11

retrograde

Question 12

herpes simplex virus type 1 is transmitted retrogradely and remains latent in the _____

Answer 12

trigeminal ganglion

Question 13

in infants, herpes virus can go beyond ganglia and cause _____

Answer 13

encephalitis

Question 14

____ prevents surviving axons from reaching targets in the CNS when neurons are damaged

Answer 14

scar formation

Question 15

____ can promote axonal regeneration in the PNS

Answer 15

schwann cells

Question 16

astrocytes make _____ that inhibit neuron growth

Answer 16

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans

Question 17

associated with protein synthesis; cell body swells and eccentric nucleus develops

Answer 17

chromatolysis

Question 18

schwann cells proliferate and produce ____ for substrate for regenerating axons

Answer 18

laminin

Question 19

schwann cells secrete _____ which is transported to ganglion cell body

Answer 19

nerve growth factor (NGF)

Question 20

NGF regulates ____ and promotes ____

Answer 20

gene expression; sprouting

Question 21

adding together of post-synaptic potentials from one synaptic contact (over time)

Answer 21

temporal summation

Question 22

adding together of post-synaptic potentials produced by different synapses

Answer 22

spatial summation

Question 23

temporal and spatial summation are types of _____

Answer 23

synaptic integration

Question 24

examples of neurons that release ACh

Answer 24

• motor neurons
• neurons in nucleus basalis and pons
• preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons
• all postganglionic parasympathetic neurons

Question 25

ACh receptors

Answer 25

- muscarinic receptors (metabotropic) | - nicotinic receptors (ionotropic)

Question 26

muscarinic receptors are blocked by _____

Answer 26

atropine

Question 27

nicotinic receptors are blocked by ____

Answer 27

curare (e.g. neuromuscular junction)

Question 28

location of ACh neurons in CNS

Answer 28

- basal forebrain (cognitive function) | - pontine nuclei (sleep regulation)

Question 29

autoimmune disorder in which individual makes antibodies to nicotinic receptors, degrading them; characterized by muscle weakness

Answer 29

myasthenia gravis

Question 30

myasthenia gravis is treated with _____

Answer 30

acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Question 31

most common form of dementia; loss of neurons in nucleus basalis leading to decrease in cholinergic activity in cortex

Answer 31

alzheimers disease

Question 32

types of biogenic amines

Answer 32

1. catecholamines: dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine 2. serotonin 3. histamine

Question 33

catecholamines are synthesized from the amino acid _____

Answer 33

tyrosine

Question 34

receptors for catecholamines and other biogenic amines are almost exclusively _____

Answer 34

GPCRs

Question 35

2 areas that dopamine is found in

Answer 35

ventral tegmental area | substantia nigra

Question 36

ventral tegmental area is associated with ____ and ____

Answer 36

reward; addiction

Question 37

substantia nigra is associated with the ______

Answer 37

motor system

Question 38

2 types of dopamine receptors

Answer 38

D1: activate adenylate cyclase D2: inhibit adenylate cyclase (leading to hyperpolarization)

Question 39

many drugs block D2 receptors and can cause ____

Answer 39

tardive dyskinesia

Question 40

where norepinephrine is located in the brain

Answer 40

locus ceruleus: attention/sleep | other brainstem groups: autonomic and homeostatic function

Question 41

NE neurons include:

Answer 41

sympathetic postganglionic neurons (and some CNS)

Question 42

noradrenergic receptors are ____ receptors

Answer 42

G-protein coupled

Question 43

function of alpha 1 NE receptors

Answer 43

intracellular release of Ca; excitatory

Question 44

function of alpha 2 NE receptors

Answer 44

open K channels or block Ca; inhibitory

Question 45

function of beta (1, 2, 3) NE receptors

Answer 45

open Ca channels

Question 46

serotonin is synthesized from ____

Answer 46

tryptophan

Question 47

2 classes of serotonergic cells

Answer 47

rostral raphe nuclei: sleep, mood, homeostatic functions | caudal raphe nuclei: sensori-motor function

Question 48

histamine is derived from amino acid ____ and is found only in small population of ____

Answer 48

histidine; hypothalamic neurons

Question 49

histamine is involved in _____

Answer 49

sleep-wakefulness

Question 50

excitatory amino acids

Answer 50

glutamate (most common) and aspartate

Question 51

ionotropic glutamate receptors

Answer 51

AMPA Kainate NMDA (receptors have channels permeable to Na, K, and Ca)

Question 52

NMDA receptor has synpatic mechanism of _____

Answer 52

long term potentiation

Question 53

form of motor spasticity, linked to GABA deficits

Answer 53

Huntington chorea

Question 54

GABAa receptor is a ____ receptor that does what?

Answer 54

ionotropic receptor | opens Cl channels

Question 55

GABAb receptor is a ____ receptor that does what?

Answer 55

metabotropic receptor | opens K channels

Question 56

glycine receptor opens ____ channels

Answer 56

Cl

Question 57

glycine is blocked by ____ which leads to ____

Answer 57

strychnine; convulsions

Question 58

alzheimers disease characterized by loss of neurons in ____ leading to decrease in ____ activity in the cortex

Answer 58

nucleus basalis; cholinergic

Question 59

synthesis of catecholamines occurs in _____ and is stored in ____; release is ____ dependent

Answer 59

presynaptic terminal; vesicles; Ca