Neural Tissues

Question 1

What is the purpose of the nervous system?

Answer 1

Communication

Question 2

Describe the central nervous system

Answer 2

Brain and spinal cord

Used for information processing including reflexes and behaviour

Question 3

Describe the use of the peripheral nervous system

Answer 3

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
Sensory detection
Motor activation

Question 4

Define afferent neuron

Answer 4

Transmit sensory information to the brain/spinal cord

Question 5

Define efferent neuron

Answer 5

Motor neurons transmitting information from the brain to effector organ

Question 6

What are ganglia?

Answer 6

Group of cell bodies outside the CNS

Question 7

What is a motor ganglion?

Answer 7

Parasympathetic ganglion

Question 8

Describe the cells of motor gangion

Answer 8

Smaller neurons with eccentric nuclei

Question 9

Give an example of sensory ganglion

Answer 9

Dorsal root ganglion

Question 10

Describe the cells of sensory ganglion

Answer 10

Big neurons with central nuclei

Question 11

Define rostum

Answer 11

Up/beak

Question 12

Define caudal

Answer 12

Tail

Question 13

Define Dorsal

Answer 13

Back

Question 14

What is brodmann area 4?

Answer 14

Primary motor cortex

Question 15

What is brodmann area 17?

Answer 15

Primary visual cortex

Question 16

What are Brodmann areas?

Answer 16

Useful for describing cortical areas
Each has inputs and outputs
Often has a function

Question 17

Describe the structure of a CNS neuron

Answer 17

Nucleus within cell body and extends one or more processes (dendrites and axon)

Question 18

What is myelin?

Answer 18

Many layers of cell membrane

Electrical insulation

Question 19

What is the purpose of myelin?

Answer 19

Increase conduction velocity

Question 20

How are neurons classified?

Answer 20

Unipolar- 1 process
Bipolar- 2 processes
Multipolar- multiple dendrites
All have just 1 axon

Question 21

Where is a pyramidal cell found?

Answer 21

Neocortex

Question 22

Where is a purkinje cell found?

Answer 22

Cerebellum

Question 23

Where is the dorsal root ganglion found?

Answer 23

Just outside the spinal cord

Question 24

Describe the structure of a bipolar neuron

Answer 24

one dendrite
one axon
least numerous
sensory neurons

Question 25

Give an example of a bipolar neuron

Answer 25

In the retina of the eye

Question 26

Describe the structure of a pseudounipolar neuron

Answer 26

One axon | One dendrite

Question 27

Give an example of a pseudounipolar neuron

Answer 27

Dorsal root ganglia

Question 28

Give examples of post synaptic cells

Answer 28

Neuron Myocyte Gland

Question 29

Describe what is meant by divergent

Answer 29

A single neuron sends its output signal to many neurons

Question 30

Given an example of divergent

Answer 30

Skin

Question 31

Describe what is meant by convergent

Answer 31

Multiple inputs influence a single neuron

Question 32

Give an example of convergent

Answer 32

Retina

Question 33

What are interneurons and where are they found?

Answer 33

Only occur in CNS Neither motor not sensory Process signals Can be inhibitory or excitatory

Question 34

How do glia differ from neurons?

Answer 34

No action potentials Are able to divide Form the myelin sheath Do not form synapses

Question 35

What is the function of neurons?

Answer 35

Basic nerve cells | Impulse conducting

Question 36

What is the function of glial cells?

Answer 36

Supportive | Protective

Question 37

List the glial cells

Answer 37

``` Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells Schwann cells Satellite cells ```

Question 38

What are oligodendrocytes?

Answer 38

Found in CNS Production/maintenance of myelin sheath in CNS One oligodendrocyte myelinates multiple axons (from different neurons)

Question 39

What are astrocytes?

Answer 39

Found in CNS Supports neurons: assists neuronal development / growth (neurotrophic), protects neurons from harmful substances, Star shaped Its “feet” on processes abut blood vessel endothelium – influence BLOOD FLOW and BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER

Question 40

What are microglia?

Answer 40

``` Found in CNS immune cells, protect neurons from disease, migrate to injury sites, engulf microbes / debris, mesodermal origin Of mesodermal origin and develop from monocytes ```

Question 41

What are the ependymal cells?

Answer 41

Found in CNS line brain’s ventricles and central canal of spinal cord, form CSF

Question 42

What are schwann cells?

Answer 42

Found in PNS Production/maintenance of the myelin sheath 1 axon wrapped per schwann cell

Question 43

What are satellite cells?

Answer 43

Found in PNS support neurons, regulate exchange of materials between neurons and interstitial fluid Perform analogous role in PNS to what astrocytes do in CNS

Question 44

Which glial cells are found in the PNS?

Answer 44

Schwann cell | Satellite cells

Question 45

Which glial cells are found in the CNS?

Answer 45

Astrocyte Oligodendrocyte Ependymal cell Microglial cell

Question 46

Describe a glioma

Answer 46

largest group of primary tumours derived from glial cells usually highly malignant grow rapidly difficult to remove completely with surgery Usually inside cranium

Question 47

Describe a neuroblastoma

Answer 47

``` tumour (cancer) most common in children & infants outside cranium derived from neural crest cells from sympathetic NS Increased Catecholamine levels (often) ``` Survival rates vary: depends on type Initial prognosis is typically good Survivors often develop neurological problems ~30 years later treatment depends on type