Topography of the brain

Question 1

Where does the neuroectoderm receive signals from?

Answer 1

Notochord

Question 2

Where does the nervous system develop from?

Answer 2

Ectoderm - Neural plate

Question 3

How does the neural tube develop?

Answer 3

`Lateral neural plate margins fold inwards

Question 4

When does the neural plate fold?

Answer 4

Embryonic day 20

Question 5

What do the neural crest cells differentiate into?

Answer 5

Neurons and glia of the sensory and autonomic nervous systems
Cells of the adrenal gland
Epidermis
Skeletal/connective tissue of the head

Question 6

What does the mantle layer form?

Answer 6

Brain parenchyma

Question 7

What does the ependymal layer do?

Answer 7

Lines the ventricles

Question 8

What does the lumen become?

Answer 8

Ventricles and central canal

Question 9

What is anencephaly?

Answer 9

Failure of anterior neuropore to close
Fatal
Occurs in 1 in 1000 pregnancies

Question 10

What is spinal bifida?

Answer 10

Failure of posterior neural tube to close

Leads to open vertebral canal

Question 11

What is the difference between spina bifida occulta and spina bifida cystica?

Answer 11

Occulta - hidden, vertebral arch defect only
Cystica - meningocele- meninges projects out
Morbidity is 25% of cases

Question 12

How are the main brain regions formed?

Answer 12

Expansion of the cranial end

Question 13

What does the prosencephalon form?

Answer 13

Fore brain
Telencephalon - cerebral hemispheres
Optic vesicles- eyes
Diencephalon - thalamus/hypothalamus

Question 14

What does the mesencephalon form?

Answer 14

Midbrain

Question 15

What does the rhombencephalon form?

Answer 15

Hindbrain
Metencephalon - pons/cerebellum
Myelencephalon - medulla

Question 16

When does the further development of secondary vesicles of the brain occur?

Answer 16

Embryonic day 36

Question 17

What is found in grey matter?

Answer 17

Mainly neuronal cell bodies

Question 18

What is found in white matter?

Answer 18

Mainly myelinated axons

Question 19

What is the CNS made up of?

Answer 19

Grey and white matter

Question 20

Describe the telencephalon

Answer 20

Comprises the cerebral hemispheres/cerebral cortex, components of the limbic system and the basal ganglia

Question 21

What are cerebral hemispheres divided into?

Answer 21

4 lobes

• frontal
• temporal
• parietal
• occipital

Question 22

Describe the cerebral cortex

Answer 22

Outer layer of cerebral hemispheres

Folded to form gyri and sulci

Question 23

What is the precentral gyrus?

Answer 23

Motor

Question 24

What is the postcentral gyrus?

Answer 24

Sensory

Question 25

What is the lateral sulcus?

Answer 25

Divides temporal from parietal lobe

Question 26

What is the central sulcus?

Answer 26

Divides frontal lobe and parietal lobe

Question 27

What is found in precentral gyrus?

Answer 27

Premotor cortex

Question 28

What is found in the frontal lobe?

Answer 28

Motor speech area of Broca

Question 29

What is found in the occipital lobe?

Answer 29

Visual cortex

Question 30

What is found in the central sulcus?

Answer 30

Somatosensory cortex

Question 31

What is the corpus callosum?

Answer 31

White matter tract linking cerebral hemispheres

Question 32

What is the corpus callosum split into?

Answer 32

Genu Body Splenium

Question 33

What are deep brain structures?

Answer 33

Lots of brain nuclei and white matter tracts deep to cerebral hemispheres Interconnected to form important neural pathways such as limbic system and basal ganglia

Question 34

Describe the limbic system

Answer 34

``` Limbic system spans the telencephalon and diencephalon Hippocampus Amygdala Hypothalamus Mammillary bodies Fornix Cingulate cortex ```

Question 35

What is the limbic system involved in?

Answer 35

Involved with emotion and memory

Question 36

What is the fornix?

Answer 36

The fornix is a semi-circular white matter tract connecting the hippocampus with the mammillary bodies

Question 37

Describe the hippocampus

Answer 37

Looks like seahorse- 2 Pes hippocampus, connects with fornix and mammillary bodies Sits in floor of lateral ventricle

Question 38

Describe the basal ganglia

Answer 38

Series of interconnected nuclei at base of the forebrain

Question 39

What two nuclei make up the corpus striatum?

Answer 39

Lentiform nucleus | Caudate nucleus

Question 40

What makes up the lentiform nucleus?

Answer 40

Putamen | Globus pallidus

Question 41

What shape is the lentiform nucleus?

Answer 41

Lens shaped

Question 42

What shape is caudate nucleus?

Answer 42

C- shaped

Question 43

What is the caudate nucleus split into?

Answer 43

Head Body Tail

Question 44

Where is the caudate nucleus found?

Answer 44

Sits in wall of caudate nucleus

Question 45

Where does the lentiform nucleus sit?

Answer 45

Lateral to caudate nucleus

Question 46

What does the internal capsule form?

Answer 46

Major white matter tract

Question 47

What does the internal capsule do?

Answer 47

Connects cortex to brainstem

Question 48

Where is the internal capsule found?

Answer 48

Internal to lentiform nucleus

Question 49

Where is the external capsule found?

Answer 49

External to lentiform nucleus

Question 50

Where is the diencephalon located?

Answer 50

Central location

Question 51

What comprises the diencephalon?

Answer 51

Hypothalamus | Thalamus

Question 52

Describe the thalamus

Answer 52

Paired structure

Question 53

What does the thalamus do?

Answer 53

Relays sensory information to the cortex | Involved with voluntary movement, personality and consciousness

Question 54

How are thalami connected?

Answer 54

Interthalamic adhesion

Question 55

Where is the hypothalamus located?

Answer 55

Inferior to thalamus Between optic chiasm (CN2- converge/decussate to form optic tracts) and mammillary bodies In Front of mammillary bodies

Question 56

What is the hypothalamus involved in?

Answer 56

Homeostasis Coordinates ANS and endocrine responses Involved in thermoregulation, feeding, drinking, circadian rhythms Receives inputs from limbic system

Question 57

What is found under the hypothalamus?

Answer 57

Pituitary gland (endocrine gland)

Question 58

What glad is found posterior to the thalamus?

Answer 58

Pineal gland

Question 59

What does the pineal gland do?

Answer 59

Produces melatonin (involved in sleep)

Question 60

Describe the brainstem

Answer 60

Midbrain Pons Medulla

Question 61

What is found superior to the midbrain?

Answer 61

Pineal gland

Question 62

How is the brain stem related to the spinal cord?

Answer 62

Continuous

Question 63

What does the brainstem contain?

Answer 63

Cranial nerve nuclei within all 3 regions Vital respiratory and cardiovascular centres Vomiting centre Nuclei involved with motor control, sleep White matter tracts

Question 64

What are the cerebral peduncles?

Answer 64

White matter tracts connecting pons with diencephalon

Question 65

What is the superior colliculus involved in?

Answer 65

Vision | Eyemovements

Question 66

What is the inferior colliculus involved in?

Answer 66

Auditory | Relay nuclei

Question 67

What is the substantia nigra?

Answer 67

Dopaminergic nuclei | Part of basal ganglia

Question 68

What is the red nucleus involved in?

Answer 68

Motor coordination- relay between cortex and cerebellum

Question 69

What is the role of the pons?

Answer 69

Relays information to cerebellum | 90% of axons descending through the midbrain synapse in the pons

Question 70

What is the middle cerebral peduncle?

Answer 70

White matter tracts linking brainstem with cerebellum

Question 71

What do transverse fibres form?

Answer 71

Cerebellar peduncles

Question 72

What is contained in the pons?

Answer 72

Reticular formation- nuclei concerned with sleep and motor control

Question 73

What does the medulla oblongata contain?

Answer 73

Nuclei that control respiration and the cardiovascular system

Question 74

What are the pyramids of the medulla oblongata?

Answer 74

Corticospinal tract - main voluntary motor pathway

Question 75

What are the olives of the medulla oblongata?

Answer 75

Formed by olivary nuclei. Motor relay to the cerebellum

Question 76

Where is the cerebellum found?

Answer 76

Posterior to brainstem

Question 77

Describe the structure of the cerebellum

Answer 77

``` Outer grey matter Underlying white matter Divided into 2 cerebellar hemispheres Divided into 3 lobes Contains nuclei ```

Question 78

What are the main functions of the cerebellum?

Answer 78

Motor control Controls posture Coordinating and planning limb movements Control of eye movements

Question 79

How is the cerebellum connected to the brainstem?

Answer 79

Cerebellar peduncles

Question 80

Name the 3 lobes of the cerebellum

Answer 80

Anterior- Posterior- Flocculonodular- eye movement