Neuro 1 Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
What is the fax cerebri
A
A fold of euro matter separating the L/R hemispheres
2
Q
What is the fold of dura mater found between the cerebellum and cerebrum?
A
Tentorium cerebelli
3
Q
What is grey matter?
A
- Surface of cerebral cortex
- Cell Bodies
- Associated with processing and cognition
4
Q
What is white matter
A
- Bulk of cerebrum (deeper than grey matter)
- Glial cells and myelinated axons
5
Q
What separates the two hemispheres?
A
Longitudinal Fissure
6
Q
Explain the concept of dominance
A
One hemisphere has greater control over some neurological functions than the other.
Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas only in dominant hemisphere
7
Q
What is the dorsal brainstem
A
Tectum
8
Q
What is the ventral brainstem?
A
Tegmentum
9
Q
What does the pineal gland secrete?
A
Melatonin (circadian rhythm)
10
Q
What is a fontanelle?
A
2 areas at either end of sagittal suture where other sutures meet
11
Q
What supplies the medial surface of the brain?
A
Anterior Carotid Artery
12
Q
What supplies the lateral surface of the brain?
A
Middle Carotid Artery
13
Q
What supplies the posterior surface of the brain?
A
Posterior carotid artery
14
Q
Where does the fall cerebra attach anteriorly?
A
Crista galli
15
Q
Where does the superior sagittal sinus run?
A
In the attachment of the fall cerebri to cranial cavity roof
16
Q
Where does the inferior sagittal sinus run?
A
Free border of fall cerebri
17
Q
Where does the straight sinus run?
A
Attachment between falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
18
Q
What sinuses form the convergence of sinuses?
A
Superior sagittal, Straight, Transverse
19
Q
What on from the transverse sinus?
A
Sigmoid Sinus
20
Q
What 3 layers is the blood brain barrier made up of?
A
Astrocyte foot processes
Basement membrane
Capillary epithelium
21
Q
What is a Berry aneurysm?
A
A sac forming at a bifurcation of arteries
22
Q
What is a stroke?
A
Where blood fails to reach a portion of the brain for long enough to cause damage
23
Q
What are the symptoms of a stroke?
A
Headache Muscle weakness / paralysis Speech disturbances Sensory problems Memory loss Confusion FAST
24
Q
What are the risk factors for a stroke?
A
High BP
Diabetes
High cholesterol
Family History
25
What is a TIA?
Transient Ischaemic Attack
Minutes/hour long mini stroke
Could be sign of actual stroke
26
What joins the body and transverse process of a vertebral bone?
Pedicle
27
What joins the spinous process and transverse process of a vertebral bone?
Lamina
28
How many of each vertebrae are there?
```
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacrum (fused)
Coccyx
```
29
What are the differences between the vertebrae?
Cervical - three openings or foramina, the vertebral foramina and two transverse foramina; C1 no body; C2 has superior projection; C2 to C6 projection is a vertebrae known as the bifid spinous process.
Thoracic - larger, downwards pointing spinous processes, circular shaped vertebral foramina
Lumbar - largest, triangular vertebral foramina
30
What are the 2 main parts of the intervertebral discs?
Nucleus pulposus - hydrated gel with proteoglycan, collagen, cartilage cells.
Annulus fibrosus - surrounds nucleus, 10-12 concentric layers of collagen.
31
What is the conus medullaris?
Lower part of the spinal cord, tapered
32
Where does the spinal cord end?
L1/2
33
What is the film terminale?
A projection of Pia mater extending from the coonus medullairs to the coccyx
34
What is the caudal equina?
Bundle of spinal nerves L2-5 and S1-5
35
What do the dorsal and ventral horns of grey matter carry?
Dorsal - sensory (terminations)
| Ventral - motor (cell bodies)
36
What do the dorsal lateral and ventral columns of the white matter carry?
Ascending and descending tracts
37
What are the anterior spinal arteries a branch of?
The vertebral arteries (circle of Willis)
38
What do the paired posterior spinal arteries arise from?
The posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (PICA) of circle of Willis
39
How many spinal nerves are there?
31 bilateral paired
40
Where are the cell bodies of motor neurone in the spinal cord?
Ventral horn
41
Where do the spinal nerves leave the intervertebral foramen?
C1-7: above each vertebra
C8: from foramen between C7 and T1
Subsequent arise from below respective vertebra
42
Why is the caudal equina formed?
Spinal cord gets shorter than vertebrae - gets increasingly superior to foramen
43
What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
```
Initiation of movement
Personality
Higher intellect / conscious thought
Social Conduct
Mood
Language
```
44
What is the temporal lobe responsible for?
Auditory processing
Memory
Language
Olfactory processing
45
What is the parietal lobe responsible for?
Sensory processing (most)
46
What is the occipital lobe responsible for?
Visual processing
47
What is the primary motor cortex?
Pre-central gyrus in frontal lobe.
Fibres extend down via internal capsule.
Contains Betz cells
48
What are Betz cells?
Giant pyramidal neurone cells found in fifth layer of grey matter in primary motor cortex
49
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex?
Post-central gyrus in parietal lobe
50
What is the motor and sensory homunculi?
A distorted representation of the human body, based on a neurological "map" of the areas and proportions of the human brain dedicated to processing motor functions, or sensory functions, for different parts of the body.
51
What is Broca's area?
| And how can you characterise damage to this area?
A region of the brain concerned with the production of speech, located in the cortex of the dominant frontal lobe.
Damage to this area is characterized by hesitant and fragmented speech with little grammatical structure.
52
What is Wernicke's area?
A region of the brain concerned with the comprehension of language, located in the cortex of the dominant temporal lobe.
53
How is damage to Wernickes area characterised?
Superficially fluent, grammatical speech but an inability to use or understand more than the most basic nouns and verbs.
54
What are the main sulci of the cerebrum?
Central sulcus – groove separating the frontal and parietal lobes.
Lateral sulcus – groove separating the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe.
Lunate sulcus – groove located in the occipital cortex.
55
What are the ventricles lined by?
Ependymal cells that form the choroid plexus where CSF is produced
56
What are the 4 ventricles?
Right and Left Lateral ventricles
| Third and Fourth ventricles
57
How do the lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle?
Via the foramen of Monro
58
How does the third ventricle communicate with the fourth ventricle?
via the cerebral aqueduct
59
How does CSF leave the fourth ventricle?
Central spinal canal – Baths the spinal cord.
Subarachnoid cisterns – Baths the brain, between arachnoid mater and pia mater. Here the CSF is reabsorbed back into the circulation.
60
What are the 3 main functions of CSF?
CSF protects brain and spinal cord from trauma.
CSF supplies nutrients to nervous system tissue.
CSF removes waste products from cerebral metabolism.
61
How is CSF drained into venous circulation?
CSF is absorbed across the arachnoid villi, via the subarachnoid cisterns into the venous circulation.
62
What is the corpus callosum?
A broad band of nerve fibres joining the two hemispheres of the brain.
The primary function of the corpus callosum is to integrate motor, sensory, and cognitive performances between the cerebral cortex on one side of the brain to the same region on the other side.
63
What are the 5 sections of the corpus callosum?
Splenium - posterior end near the cerebellum
Genu - anterior end near the frontal lobes
Rostrum - extension of genu
Body/Truncus - between the splenium and the genu
Isthmus - a narrowed part between the body and the splenium
64
What do the fibres of the forceps anterior & posterior (major) do?*
Either side of the corpus callosum, the fibers radiate in the white matter and pass to the various parts of the cerebral cortex;
those curving forward from the genu into the frontal lobe constitute the forceps anterior;
those curving backward into the occipital lobe, the forceps posterior.
65
Which cranial nerve originates from the posterior midbrain>
Trochlear nerve (IV)
66
Is the fasciculus gracilis or cuneatus more lateral?
fasciculus gracilis lies MEDIAL to fasciculus cuneatus
67
What are the 3 cranial fossa?
The anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa and posterior cranial fossa. They are three distinct depressions on the floor of the cranial cavity.
68
Which bones make up the anterior cranial fossa?
Frontal bone, ethmoid bone and sphenoid bone
69
Which bones make up the middle cranial fossa?
Sphenoid bone and the two temporal bones
70
Which bones make up the posterior cranial fossa?
Occipital bone and the two temporal bones
71
What does each cranial fossa contain?
Anterior - anteroinferior portions of the frontal lobes
Middle - pituitary gland, and two lateral portions, which accommodate the temporal lobes
Posterior - brainstem and cerebellum
72
What are the 10 main cranial foramina?
-Cribriform Plate (Olfactory I)
or Ethmoidal Foramina
-Optic Canal (Optic II)
-Superior Orbital Fissure (Oculomotor III, Trochlear IV, Ophthalmic V1 of Trigeminal, Abducens VI)
-Foramen rotundum (Maxillary V2)
-Foramen Ovale (Mandibular V3)
-Internal Acoustic Meatus (Facial VII, Vestibulocochlear VIII)
-Jugular Foramen (Glossopharyngeal IX, Vagus, Accessory XI)
-Hypoglossal Canal (Hypoglossal XII)
-Foramen Magnum
-Foreamen Spinosum
73
Of the Cribriform Foramina:
What structures are conducted?
Which Cranial Fossa?
Which Cranial Bone?
Conducts: Olfactory Nerve (I) and Anterior ethmoidal nerves
CF: Anterior cranial fossa
CB: Ethmoid Bone
74
Of the Optic Canal:
What structures are conducted?
Which Cranial Fossa?
Which Cranial Bone?
Optic Nerve (II) and Ophthalmic artery
Middle cranial fossa
Sphenoid bone
75
Of the Superior Orbital Fissure:
What structures are conducted?
Which Cranial Fossa?
Which Cranial Bone?
Conducts: Lacrimal Nerve, Frontal nerve - branch of ophthalmic nerve (V1), Superior ophthalmic vein, Trochlear nerve (IV), Superior division of oculomotor nerve (III), Nasociliary nerve - branch of ophthalmic (V1), Inferior division of oculomotor nerve (III), Abducens nerve (VI),
Branch of Inferior Ophthalmic Vein
CF: Middle Cranial Fossa
CB: Sphenoid Bone
76
Of the Foramen Rotundum:
What structures are conducted?
Which Cranial Fossa?
Which Cranial Bone?
Maxillary (V2) branch of trigeminal
Middle cranial fossa
Sphenoid bone
77
Of the Foramen Ovale:
What structures are conducted?
Which Cranial Fossa?
Which Cranial Bone?
Mandibular (V3) branch of trigeminal
Middle Cranial fossa
Sphenoid Bone
78
Of the Foramen Spinosum:
What structures are conducted?
Which Cranial Fossa?
Which Cranial Bone?
Conducts: Middle meningeal artery, Middle meningeal vein, Meningeal branch of CN V3
CF: Middle CF
CB: Sphenoid Bone
79
Of the Internal Acoustic Meatus:
What structures are conducted?
Which Cranial Fossa?
Which Cranial Bone?
Conducts: Facial (VII) and Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves, Vestibular ganglion, Labyrinthine artery
CF: Middle CF
CB: Petrous part of Temporal bone
80
Of the Jugular foramen:
What structures are conducted?
Which Cranial Fossa?
Which Cranial Bone?
Conducts: Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X), Spinal Accessory (XI) nerves, Jugular Bulb, Inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses
CF: Posterior cranial fossa
CB: Anterior aspect of Petrous portion of the temporal bone AND the Posterior aspect of the Occipital bone
81
Of the Hypoglossal Canal:
What structures are conducted?
Which Cranial Fossa?
Which Cranial Bone?
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Posterior cranial fossa
Occipital Bone
82
Of the Foramen Magnum:
What structures are conducted?
Which Cranial Fossa?
Which Cranial Bone?
Conducts: Vertebral arteries, Medulla and meninges, Spinal division of Accessory (XI), Dural Veins, Anterior and Posterior Spinal arteries
CF: Posterior CF
CB: Occipital bone
83
What are the 3 meninges from superficial to deep?
Meninges are 3 layers of protective tissue of brain (and spinal cord):
Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater
84
What are the 2 layers of dura mater?
Outer PARIOSTEAL dura layer composed of the periosteum lining the inside of the cranial cavity
Inner MENINGEAL dura layer continuous with the dura of the spinal cord.
85
Where is CSF contained?
Occupies the Subarachnoid space (between arachnoid and Pia mater) and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord.
86
What does the internal carotid artery split into at the circle of Willis?
Posterior communicating artery, Middle Cerebral Artery, Anterior Cerebral artery
87
What are the anterior cerebral arteries joined by?
Anterior Communicating Artery
88
What are the internal carotid and posterior cerebral arteries joined by?
Posterior Communicating Artery(s)
89
What are the small arteries coming off the basilar artery?
Pontine (perforating) arteries
90
Where are the superior cerebellar arteries found?
Branches off near termination of basilar artery (as it joins the posterior communicating artery [of the circle itself] and posterior cerebral artery).
Found immediately below the oculomotor nerve, around the cerebral peduncle (close to trochlear nerve) and arrives at upper surface of cerebellum (where divides into branches)
91
Which arteries join to give the Basilar artery?
Vertebral Arteries
92
What are the branches of the vertebral arteries?
Anterior Spinal Artery (both come off vertebral artery and fuse)
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
93
What is the branch(es) between the vertebral arteries and basilar artery?
Anterior Inferior Cerebellar artery
94
What does the cavernous sinus contain?
This is a blood filled space containing:
- Internal carotid artery
- Oculomotor (III)
- Trochlear (IV)
- Trigeminal branches: Ophthalmic (V1) and Maxillary (V2)
- Abducens (VI)
95
Which cranial nerves contain parasympathetic fibres?
Oculomotor (III)
Facial (VII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
96
Which of the cranial nerves have purely sensory fibres?
```
Olfactory (I)
Optic (II)
V1 - Ophthalmic
V2 - Maxillary
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
```
97
What does the oculomotor nerve do?
Innervates (motor) inferior, superior, medial rectus and inferior oblique.
Parasympathetic innervation to sphincter papillae and ciliary eye muscles.
Sympathetic to superior tarsal muscle.
Responsible for eye movements, eyelid opening, pupil constriction, accommodation.
98
What does the trochlear nerve do?
Innervates superior oblique muscle and is involved in eye movements
99
The fibres from the internal carotid plexus are of which type?
Sympathetic
100
What does the trigeminal nerve do?
Sensation to anterior head and face
| Motor to muscles of mastication (Mandibular)
101
What does abducens nerve do?
Innervates lateral rectus muscle and is involved in eye movement
102
What does the facial nerve do?
Motor: Innervates the muscles of facial expression, the posterior belly of the digastric, the stylohyoid and the stapedius muscles.
Sensory: A small area around the concha of the auricle.
Special Sensory: Provides special taste sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
Parasympathetic: Supplies many of the glands of the head and neck, including:
-Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.
-Nasal, palatine and pharyngeal mucous glands.
-Lacrimal glands.
103
What does the vestibulocochlear nerve do?
Vestibular fibres - hearing. Cochlear fibres - balance. Sensory function only.
Primarily consists of bipolar neurones.
104
What does the glossopharyngeal nerve do?
Embryologically, the glossopharyngeal nerve is associated with the derivatives of the third pharyngeal arch.
-Salivation also
Sensory: Innervates the oropharynx, carotid body and sinus, posterior 1/3 of the tongue (TASTE and SENSATION), middle ear cavity and Eustachian tube.
Special Sensory: Provides taste sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue.
Parasympathetic: Provides parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland.
Motor: Innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle of the pharynx.
105
What does the vagus nerve do?
The vagus nerve is associated with the derivatives of the fourth pharyngeal arch.
Thoracic and abdominal organs innervated.
Motor to soft palate, pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles.
Sensory: Innervates the skin of the external acoustic meatus and the internal surfaces of the laryngopharynx and larynx. Provides visceral sensation to the heart and abdominal viscera.
Special Sensory: Provides taste sensation to the epiglottis and root of the tongue.
Motor: Provides motor innervation to the majority of the muscles of the pharynx, soft palate and larynx.
Parasympathetic: Innervates the smooth muscle of the trachea, bronchi and gastro-intestinal tract and regulates heart rhythm.
106
What does the accessory (spinal) nerve do?
Motor function to the Trapezius and Sternocleidomastoid
107
Where does accessory nerve connect to CNS on spinal cord
C1-5
108
What does the hypoglossal nerve(s) do?
Innervates all but 1 extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue for movements (only motor)
109
Which muscle of the tongue is not innervated by the hypoglossal (VII) nerve
Palatoglossus which is innervated by the Vagus nerve
110
Which of the cranial nerves have purely motor fibres?
```
Oculomotor (III)
Trochlear (IV)
Abducens (VI)
Accessory (XI)
Hypoglossal (XII)
```
111
Which of the cranial nerves have both sensory & motor fibres?
V3 - Mandibular division
Facial (VII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
112
What sensations do the DCML pathway convey?
Localised sensations of fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, proprioception (from skin and joints)
113
What conveys sensation from below T6 & above T6? (DCML)
- Signals from the upper limb (T6 and above) – travel in the fasciculus cuneatus ( the lateral part of the dorsal column). They then synapse in the nucleus cuneatus of the medulla oblongata.
- Signals from the lower limb (below T6) – travel in the fasciculus gracilis (the medial part of the dorsal column). They then synapse in the nucleus gracilis of the medulla oblongata.
114
What does DCML stand for?
Dorsal column-medial lemniscus
115
Where do the neurons of the DCML pathway decussate?
```
Medulla Oblongata
(they then travel in the contralateral medial lemniscus to reach the thalamus)
```
116
What sensations do the spinothalamic pathway/tract (aka the anterolateral system) convey?
Sensory pathway from the skin to the somatosensory region of thalamus.
Transmission of pain and temperature (lateral spinothalamic) as well as crude touch and pressure (anterior spinothalamic).
117
Where do the neurons of the spinothalamic pathway/anterolateral system decussate?
First neurone synapse with second neurone in the substantia gelatinosa and cross over to go up contralateral side
118
What does the corticospinal tract (descending tract) do?
Supplies voluntary control of the musculature of the body (pyramidal tract).
[Connects the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord]
119
Where do the neurons of the corticospinal pathway decussate?
Lateral corticospinal tract crosses at medulla oblongata
| Anterior/ventral tract crosses and synapses in cervical and upper thoracic segmental levels that they innervate
120
What is the floor of the fourth ventricle known as?
Rhomboid Fossa
| formed by the dorsal surfaces of the pons and medulla oblongata
121
What is the stria medullaris?
- Part of the (epi)thalamus
- Fibre bundle containing afferent fibres from the septal nuclei, lateral preoptico-hypothalamic region and anterior thalamic nuclei to the habenula.
122
What are the 2 (or 3) main types of memory?
Short-term
(Intermediate long-term)
Long-term
123
What are the 2 main types of long-term memory?
Declarative/Explicit memory (facts, general knowledge and personal experiences)
Procedural/Implicit memory (how to do things)
124
What are the 2 subtypes of explicit memory?
Episodic memory
| Semantic memory
125
Where are the types of implicit memory remembered?
Procedural memories are encoded and stored by the cerebellum (timing and coordination of body skills),
putamen (learned skills),
caudate nucleus (intrinsic actions),
motor cortex (motor control)
126
Where do the DCML & spinothalamic tracts terminate?
Sensory cortex (of cerebral cortex)
127
What is in the internal capsule?
White matter projection fibres
| Corticospinal tract constitutes a large part of ICapsule.
128
Where are explicit memories encoded?
In Medial Temporal lobe by hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and perirhinal cortex.
Also other parts of temporal lobe
129
Where is the internal capsule?
Carries information past the basal ganglia, separating the caudate nucleus and thalamus from the putamen and globus pallidus.
