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Pathophys II MHM - Exam 3 > Neuro 1 MHM > Flashcards

Neuro 1 MHM Flashcards

(117 cards)

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1
Q

Cell types of the nervous system

A

Neurons (99% are inter/projection neurons)

Glial cells

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2
Q

Types of glial cells

A
  1. Astroglia (CNS)
  2. Oligodendroglia (CNS)
  3. Ependymoglia (CNS)
  4. Microglia (CNS)
  5. Schwann cells (PNS)
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3
Q

Which glial cells are found in the PNS instead of the CNS?

A

Schwann cells

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4
Q

Describe astroglia cells

A
  • CT of CNS
  • Fill space between neurons and BVs (“scar forming”)
  • Some evidence of a functional role (BBB, transport)
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5
Q

Describe oligodendroglia cells

A

Each cell myelinates multiple neurons (axons) in the CNS

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6
Q

Describe ependymoglia cells

A

Line ventricles, central canal of spinal cord, choroid plexus
Functions: secretory, absorptive and CSF circulation

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7
Q

Describe microglia cells

A

Remove degenerative debris of CNS via phagocytosis

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8
Q

Describe Schwann cells

A

Myelinate single neuron (axon) in PNS

Provide CT support, myelinate, and have phagocytosis role

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9
Q

Which glial cells each myelinate multiple neurons in the CNS? Which glial cells each myelinate single neurons in the PNS?

A

Oligodendroglia (CNS, multiple neurons by one cell)

Schwann (PNS, single neuron by one cell)

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10
Q

How is the brain organized?

A
  • Forebrain (cerebrum): telencephalon, diencephalon
  • Midbrain (mesencephalon)
  • Hindbrain (cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata)
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11
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system composed of?

A
  • Sympathetic
  • Parasympathetic
  • Enteric nervous system of GI tract
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12
Q

What is the PNS composed of?

A

Cranial and spinal nerves

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13
Q

What is the CNS composed of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

Gyri

A

Ridges or folds of the cerebral cortex, separated by sulci

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15
Q

Sulci

A

Groove between the gyri (folds) of cerebral cortex

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16
Q

Fissures

A

Large deep sulci of the cerebral cortex

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17
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated nerve fibers that communicate b/w regions of CNS

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18
Q

Fasciculus

A

Bundles or tracts of fibers

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19
Q

Commissures

A

Transverse connections between R/L hemispheres

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20
Q

Projection fibers

A

Connect cerebral cortex with lower portions of CNS

  • Afferent: input to cortex
  • Efferent: output from cortex
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21
Q

Association fibers

A

Cortical connection within the same hemisphere

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22
Q

Gray matter

A
  • Columnar arrangement of cerebral cortex

- Gyri and sulci increase surface area

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23
Q

Cerebral cortex lobes

A 
Each hemisphere consists of:
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital 
Insular
Limbic
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24
Q

What is Brodmann’s mapping?

A

System identifying functional regions of the cortex

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25
Areas of function in cerebral cortex
- Primary ("raw" motor and sensory input) - Secondary (give meaning to primary sensory area) - Association (uni and multimodal - integrate sensory, memory input w/motor areas to provide meaningful perceptual experience)
26
Area 4
Primary motor area (frontal) - Contralateral voluntary movement - Homunculus arrangement
27
Lesion of Area 4
Contralateral hemiparesis/plegia
28
Area 6
Pre-motor area (frontal) | -Prep motor area and plan sequence for execution of voluntary movement
29
Lesion of Area 6
-Inability to plan, sequence, perform purposeful movement | contralateral apraxia of involved regions
30
Define apraxia and what causes it
- Inability to execute purposeful learned voluntary movement | - Result of lesions to motor areas of frontal lobe OR sensory input from parietal areas
31
Define ataxia
Uncoordinated voluntary movement
32
Define gait apraxia
Diminished ability to perform learned movement of walking/standing
33
Define construction apraxia and what lesions cause it
- Inability to draw/construct geometric figures | - Lesion in NON-dominant parietal and frontal lobes
34
Define sensory apraxia
Inability to formulate the ideational plan for executing the multiple steps of purposeful voluntary movement (aka ideational, conceptual apraxia)
35
Define ideomotor apraxia
Inability to perform a task when asked (e.g. comb hair, use a hammer)
36
Area 8
- Frontal eye field | - Conjugate gaze (lateral) to opposite direction (side)
37
Define conjugate gaze
"Coupled" | Ability of eyes to move simultaneously in same direction to visualize an object
38
Lesion to Area 8
- Destructive: eyes deviate TOWARD lesion | - Irritative (seizure): eyes deviate AWAY from the lesion
39
Destructive vs. irritative lesion of Area 8
Destructive: eyes TOWARD lesion Irritative: eyes AWAY from lesion
40
Areas 44, 45 (in general)
- Motor production of language (frontal) | - Different role depending on dominant vs. non-dominant hemisphere
41
Areas 44, 45 dominant hemisphere
Broca's speech area - Motor production of language (speech, writing, signing) - Serves as pre-programmer to motor cortex
42
Broca's area
- DOMINANT areas 44, 45 - Frontal lobe - Motor production of language
43
Damage to Broca's area
Broca's aphasia | Can comprehend language but can't speak
44
Define aphasia
- Acquired impairment of comprehension/production of language - Can be sensory, motor or both
45
Define dysarthria
Difficulty of motor control of tongue/mouth to produce speech
46
Define dysphagia
Difficulty with motor function of swallowing
47
Areas 44, 45 NON-dominant hemisphere
Production of normal pitch, rhythm, variation of stress/tone | musical aspects of speech
48
Damage to NON-dominant Areas 44, 45
- Motor dysprosodia: difficulty in musical aspects of speech | - Prosody: fluctuations in tone, melody, timing, pauses, etc.
49
Areas 10-12
Classic prefrontal area - Social behavior - Motivation and ability to focus - Emotion/personality - Motor inhibition/planning
50
Areas 9, 46, 47
Classic motor association area - Planning and behavioral component of motor function - Integrates sensory info w/motor planning, organizing, regulating - Decide which voluntary movements to make
51
Lesion to areas 10-12
- Perseveration (stay on one topic) - Apathy - Poor focus on task - Change of personality - Inappropriate behavioral actions
52
Lesion to areas 9, 46, 47
- Contralateral motor apraxia - Impaired motor planning - Impaired motor inhibition - Impaired behavioral inhibition
53
Define akinetic mutism
- Bilateral frontal lobe lesion | - Conscious alert patient who has ability to move/speak but fails to do so (inhibited motivation, increased apathy)
54
Define akinesia
Lack of movement
55
Define perseveration
Persisting on a single topic
56
Areas 3, 1, 2
Primary somatosensory area (parietal) - Detection of incoming somatosensory sensation from body/periphery - Homunculus arrangement
57
Lesion to areas 3, 1, 2
- Contralateral somatosensory loss | - Contralateral anesthesia (loss of sensation)
58
Define paresthesia
Distorted/abnormal detection of sensation
59
Areas 5, 7
Somatosensory association area (parietal) - Interprets or gives meaning to somatic sensory input - Ability to recognize "car keys in my L hand"
60
Lesion in areas 5, 7
- Somatosensory agnosia, astereoagnosia, agraphesthesia - NON-DOMINANT hemisphere: anosagnosia (neglect) - May contribute to sensory component of apraxia
61
Define agnosia
- Loss of sensory interpretation | - Inability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, etc.
62
Define anosagnosia
"Neglect" - Ignorance of disease presence - NON-DOMINANT parietal lobe damage (associative areas)
63
What kind of damage results in anosagnosia?
Non-dominant parietal lobe damage (associative areas)
64
Define astereoagnosia
- Tactile agnosia | - Inability to judge the form of an object by touch
65
Define agraphesthesia
Difficulty recognizing a familiar form (number/letter) traced on an area of skin
66
What is the primary motor area?
Area 4
67
What is the classic prefrontal area?
Areas 10-12
68
What is the classic motor association area?
Areas 9, 46, 47
69
Areas 39, 40
Somatosensory association area related to language and math
70
Areas 39, 40 Dominant hemisphere
- Part of posterior Wernicke's area - Multimodal junction box of language, math, cognition - Processes and sends to frontal lobe for action
71
Lesion in areas 39, 40 DOMINANT hemisphere
- Gerstmann's syndrome (calculations, R-L confusion, finger agnosia, agraphia) - Can result in Wernicke's (sensory) aphasia
72
What is Gerstmann's syndrome?
- Damage to areas 39, 40 in dominant hemisphere | - Difficulty w/calculations, R-L confusion, finger agnosia, agrpahia
73
Lesion in areas 39, 40 NON-dominant hemisphere
Sensory dysprosodia: difficulty of speech in interpreting the musical aspects
74
What is sensory dysprosodia?
Inability to comprehend the emotion of language
75
Define dyslexia
Impairment or difficulty with fluency or comprehension accuracy in ability to read (also R-L disorientation)
76
Agraphia
Inability to write
77
Acalculia
Math deficits
78
Finger agnosia
Inability to distinguish between fingers
79
What is the primary auditory area?
Area 41
80
Area 41
Primary auditory area (temporal) | -Detect sound
81
Lesion of area 41
Deafness if bilateral damage
82
Area 42
Auditory association area (temporal) | -Interpret sound, give it meaning
83
Lesion of area 42
Auditory agnosia - Inability to interpret significance of sound - Can hear but can't distinguish sound from language - Bilateral temporal lobe lesions
84
Area 22
Association area for language (temporal)
85
Area 22 dominant hemisphere
Wernicke's area | -Comprehension of language (auditory - spoken word)
86
Lesion to area 22 of dominant hemisphere
Wernicke's aphasia - Can't comprehend, but can speak - Word salad (speaking a lot of words that don't make sense)
87
What is Wernicke's area?
- Area 22 dominant (temporal lobe) | - Association area for language
88
Area 22 NON-dominant hemisphere
Interpretation of musical aspects of speech
89
Lesion to area 22 of NON-dominant hemisphere
Sensory dysprosodia - inability to comprehend emotion of language
90
Lesions of which areas cause sensory dysprosodia?
- Areas 39, 40 non-dominant (parietal) | - Area 22 non-dominant (temporal)
91
Which lobes are involved in the complex aspects of learning and memory?
Temporal and limbic
92
Where is the limbic lobe located?
Deep to temporal lobe
93
Functions of inferior, medial temporal lobes
- Create long-term memory/learning | - Transition short term to long term memory
94
Lesions of the temporal lobe result in what?
Amnesia (loss of memory)
95
What are the patterns of amnesia?
Anterograde Retrograde Dissociative (fugue state) Repressed
96
Anterograde amnesia
Loss of ability to memorize new things after injury
97
Retrograde amnesia
Can't recall events prior to injury
98
Dissociative amnesia
Fugue state | Psych trauma usually temporary
99
Repressed amnesia
Unable to recall info (often traumatic)
100
Types of long term memory
Explicit (including episodic and semantic) | Implicit
101
Define explicit memory
Declarative memory | -Conscious and purposeful recall of previous experiences and info
102
Define episodic memory
Type of explicit memory - Specific recall of events in a person's life - A/w NON-dominant hemisphere
103
Episodic memory is a/w which hemisphere?
Non-dominant (temporal lobe)
104
Define semantic memory
Type of explicit memory - Recall of factual knowledge of historical events/people - Recognize people - Academic info - A/w DOMINANT hemisphere
105
Semantic memory is a/w which hemisphere?
Dominant (temporal lobe)
106
Define implicit memory
Memory/recall of previous experiences will unconsciously influence current task without conscious awareness
107
Ways implicit memory is formed
- Familiarity (hear it enough it becomes true) - Priming - Skill learning (perform without "thinking")
108
Area 17
Primary visual area (occipital) | -Detect visual input
109
What is the primary visual area?
Area 17 (occipital)
110
Lesion of Area 17
Blindness
111
Areas 18, 19
Visual association area (occipital) | -Interpret or give meaning to visual input
112
Lesion of areas 18, 19
Visual agnosia Prosopagnosia Color agnosia Alexia
113
Visual agnosia
Inability to recognize an object by sight
114
Prosopagnosia
Difficulty recognizing familiar faces
115
Alexia
Inability to understand written/printed word
116
Functions of dominant hemisphere
1. Contralateral motor and somatosensory 2. Interpret and produce language 3. Analysis, logical reasoning, calculation of info
117
Functions of non-dominant hemisphere
1. Contralateral motor and somatosensory 2. Spatial attention 3. Music, drawing, creativity 4. Memory of visual, auditory, physical events

Pathophys II MHM - Exam 3 (5 decks)

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