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Pathophys II MHM - Exam 3 > Neuro Module 1 > Flashcards

Neuro Module 1 Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

99% of neurons are

A

Interneurons/projection neurons

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2
Q

Glial Cells (“glue”) Function

A

Supportive role in nervous system

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3
Q

Glial Cells of CNS

A
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Astrocytes
  • Ependymal cells
  • Microglial cells
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4
Q

Glial Cells of PNS

A

Schwann cells (connective tissue support)

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5
Q

Forebrain Components

A
  • Telencephalon

- Diencephalon

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6
Q

Midbrain AKA _______

A

Mesencephalon

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7
Q

Hindbrain components

A
  • Cerebellum
  • Pons
  • Medulla oblongata (Myeloencephalon)
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8
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated nerve fibers that communicate between regions of the CNS (in cerebral cortex)

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9
Q

Fasciculus

A

Bundle or cluster within the cerebral cortex

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10
Q

Commissural Fibers

A

Cortical connections between right and left hemispheres (in cerebral cortex)

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11
Q

Commissural Fibers Components

A
  • Corpus callosum

- Anterior commissure

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12
Q

Projection Fibers

A

Connect cortex with lower portions of CNS

  • Afferent: INPUT to cortex
  • Efferent: OUTPUT from cortex
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13
Q

Association Fibers

A

Cortical connection within the same hemisphere (in cerebral cortex)

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14
Q

Gray matter

A

Contains cell bodies and neurons

-COLUMNAR arrangement

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15
Q

Brodmann’s Mapping

A

System identifying functional regions of the cortex

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16
Q

Area 4 (Frontal Lobe) Function

A
  • Primary motor area
  • Homunculus arrangement
  • Contralateral voluntary movement
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17
Q

Area 4 (Frontal Lobe) Lesion

A

-Contralateral hemiparesis (partial motor loss)/hemiplegia (complete loss)

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18
Q

Area 6 (Frontal Lobe) Function

A
  • Pre-motor area/supplemental motor area

- “prep motor area… plan sequence”

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19
Q

Area responsible for simple movement

A

Area 4

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20
Q

Area responsible for complex movement

A

Area 4 and 6

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21
Q

Area responsible for imaginary complex movement

A

Area 6

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22
Q

Area 6 (Frontal Lobe) Lesion

A
  • Inability to plan, sequence, perform purposeful movement

- Contralateral apraxia of involved regions

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23
Q

Apraxia

A

Inability to execute purposeful learned voluntary movement

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24
Q

Ataxia

A

Uncoordinated voluntary movement

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25
Gait apraxia
Diminished ability to perform learned movement of walking/standing
26
Construction apraxia
Inability to draw, construct or copy geometric figures (lesion in NON-dominant parietal & frontal lobes)
27
Sensory Apraxia (Ideational apraxia, Conceptual apraxia)
Inability to formulate the ideational plan for executing the multiple steps of purposeful voluntary movement
28
Ideomotor apraxia
Inability to perform a task when asked (comb hair, use a tool)
29
Area 8 (Frontal Lobe) Function (middle frontal gyrus)
- Frontal eye field | - Conjugate gaze (lateral) to opposite direction (side)
30
Conjugate gaze
Ability of the eyes to move simultaneously in the same direction
31
Destructive Lesion to Area 8 (Frontal Lobe)
Eyes deviate TOWARD side of lesion
32
Irritative Lesion to Area 8 (Frontal Lobe)
- Seizure | - Eyes deviate AWAY FROM the lesion
33
Areas 44, 45 (Frontal Lobe) Function (inferior frontal gyrus)
- Specific motor association area - Motor production of language - Different role if Dominant or NON-Dominant hemisphere
34
Areas 44, 45 (Frontal Lobe) Dominant Hemisphere Function
- Broca's speech area - Motor production of language (speech, writing, signing) - Serves as pre-programmer to motor cortex
35
Areas 44, 45 (Frontal Lobe) Dominant Hemisphere Lesion
- Broca aphasia | - "Can comprehend language but can't speak"
36
Aphasia
Acquired impairment of the comprehension/production of language -Can be sensory, motor or both
37
Dysarthria
Difficulty of motor control of tongue/mouth to produce speech
38
Dysphagia
Difficulty with motor function of swallowing
39
Areas 44, 45 (Frontal Lobe) NON-Dominant Hemisphere Function
- Production of the normal pitch, rhythm and tone in speech | - "Musical aspects of speech"
40
Areas 44, 45 (Frontal Lobe) NON-Dominant Hemisphere Lesion
1. Motor dysprosodia: difficulty of speech in producing the normal pitch, rhythm and tone 2. Prosody: Fluctuations in tone, melody, timing, pauses, stresses, intensity, vocal quality and accents of speech
41
Area 9-12; 46, 47 (Frontal Lobe)
- Prefrontal area | - Higher order intellectual action/function... "Wisdom"
42
Area 10-12 (Frontal Lobe)
"Classic prefrontal area
43
Area 9, 46, 47 (Frontal Lobe)
"Classic motor association area"
44
Area 10-12 (Frontal Lobe) Function
- Social behavior - Motivation and ability to focus - attention (Most likely lost by this point in your studying) - Emotion/personality - Motor inhibition/planning
45
Area 10-12 (Frontal Lobe) Lesion
1. Perseveration: persists on single topic 2. Apathy 3. Poor focus 4. "Change of personality" - inappropriate behavioral actions
46
Area 9, 46, 47 (Frontal Lobe) Function
- Planning and behavioral component of motor function | - Decides which voluntary movements to make according to higher-order instructions, rules and self-generated thoughts
47
Area 9, 46, 47 (Frontal Lobe) Lesion
- Contralateral motor apraxia | - Impaired motor planning, behavioral inhibition and motor inhibition
48
Akinetic Mutism
Bilateral frontal lobe lesion | -Conscious alert patient who retains ability to move/speak but fails to do so
49
Akinesia
Lack of movement
50
Mutism
Lack of speech
51
Area 3, 1, 2 (Parietal Lobe) Function
- Primary somatosensory area - Detection of incoming somatosensory sensation from body/periphery - Homunculus arrangement
52
Area 3, 1, 2 (Parietal Lobe) Lesion
- Contralateral somatosensory loss | - Contralateral "anesthesia"
53
Analgesia
Inability to detect pain (nociception)
54
Parasthesia
Distorted/abnormal detection of sensation
55
Area 5, 7 (Superior parietal lobe) Function
- Somatosensory association area - Interprets/gives meaning to somatic sensory input - "Car keys in my left hand"
56
Area 5, 7 (Superior parietal lobe) Lesion
- Somatosensory agnosia, astereoagnosia, agraphesthesia | - NON-DOMINANT lesion- Anosagnosia (neglect)
57
Agnosia
- Loss of sensory interpretation | - Inability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes or smells
58
Anosagnosia ("neglect")
- Ignorance of the presence of disease | - NON-DOMINANT parietal lobe damage
59
Astereoagnosia (Stereoanesthesia)
- Tactile amnesia | - Inability to judge the form of an object by touch
60
Agraphesthesia (Cutaneous Kinesthesia)
Difficulty recognizing a familiar form traced on the area of skin (number on palm)
61
Area 39, 40 (Parietal Lobe)
Somatosensory association area related to language and math
62
Area 39, 40 (Parietal Lobe) Dominant Hemisphere Function
- Wernicke's area - Junction box of math, cognition and language - Processes and send to frontal lobe for "action"
63
Area 39, 40 (Parietal Lobe) Dominant Hemisphere Lesion
Gerstmann's Syndrome: calculations, dyslexia, finger agnosia, agraphia
64
Area 39, 40 (Parietal Lobe) NON- Dominant Hemisphere Function
- Interpretation of the normal pitch, rhythm and variation of stress/tone in speech - "Musical aspects of speech"
65
Area 39, 40 (Parietal Lobe) NON-Dominant Hemisphere Lesion
- Sensory dysprosodia: difficulty of speech in interpreting the normal pitch, rhythm and tone - Inability to comprehend the "emotion of language"
66
Agrpahia
Inability to write
67
Acalculia
Arithmetic deficits
68
Finger agnosia
Inability to distinguish between fingers (counting, etc...)
69
Area 41 (Temporal Lobe) Function and Lesion
- Primary auditory area - Detects sound - Deafness if bilateral damage
70
Area 42 (Temporal Lobe) Function
- Auditory association area | - Interpret sound, gives it meaning
71
Area 42 (Temporal Lobe) Lesion
Auditory agnosia: - Inability to interpret significance of sound - Able to hear but can't distinguish from "sound" or "language"
72
Area 22 (Temporal Lobe)
Association area for language
73
Area 22 (Temporal Lobe) Dominant Hemisphere Function
- Wernicke's Area | - Comprehension of the language (spoken word)
74
Area 22 (Temporal Lobe) Dominant Hemisphere Lesion
Wernicke's aphasia: - Can't comprehend but can speak - "Word salad" - speaking a lot of words that don't make sense
75
Area 22 (Temporal Lobe) NON-Dominant Hemisphere Function
- Interpretation of the normal pitch, rhythm and variation of stress/tone in speech - "Musical aspects of speech" - "EMOTION OF LANGUAGE"
76
Area 22 (Temporal Lobe) NON-Dominant Hemisphere Lesion
-Inability to comprehend the "emotion of language" (interpreting normal pitch, rhythm, stress in speech)
77
Inferior, medial temporal lobes Function
- Significant role in creating long-term memory/learning | - Transition of short term-long term memory
78
Amnesia
Loss of memory
79
Anterograde amnesia
Loss of ability to memorize new things after injury
80
Retrograde amnesia
Can't recall events prior to injury
81
Dissociative amnesia
(Fugue state) Psychological trauma, usually temporary
82
Repressed amnesia
Unable to recall information (often traumatic)
83
Explicit memory (Delcarative memory)
Conscious and purposeful recall of previous experiences and information (dates, facts, places, time)
84
Episodic memory
- Specific recall of the events in a person's life | - ***Associated w/NON-dominant hemisphere
85
Semantic memory
- Recall of factual knowledge of historical events/people | - ***Associated w/Dominant hemisphere
86
Implicit memory
Memory/recall of previous experiences will unconsciously influence current task without conscious awareness
87
Area 17 (Occipital Lobe) Function and Lesion
- Primary visual area - Detects visual input - Blindness
88
Area 18, 19 (Occipital Lobe) Function
- Visual association area | - Interpret/give meaning to visual input
89
Area 18, 19 (Occipital Lobe) Lesion
1. Visual Agnosia 2. Prosopagnosia 3. Color Agnosia 4. Alexia
90
Visual agnosia
Inability to recognize an object by sight
91
Prosopagnosia
Difficulty recognizing familiar faces
92
Color agnosia
Inability to recognize colors
93
Alexia
Inability to understand written/printed words (language)
94
Dominant Hemisphere Functions
- Contralateral motor and somatosensory - Interpret and produce language (speech, grammar, writing) - Analysis, logical reasoning, calculation of information
95
Lesions of Dominant Hemisphere
- Contralateral loss of motor/somatosensory function - Aphasia - Unable to calculate, reason, problem solve/analyze
96
NON-Dominant Hemisphere Functions
- Contralateral motor and somatosensory function - Spatial attention - Music, drawing, creativity - Memory of visual, auditory and physical events
97
Lesions of NON-Dominant Hemisphere
- Language deficits (rhythm, timing) - Disorganization/disorientation to immediate moment or environment (can't recall date, time, place, follow directions Construction apraxia, prosopagnosia) - ANOSAGNOSIA (NEGLECT)
98
Astroglia (CNS)
- Connective tissue of CNS | - Scar forming cells of CNS
99
Oligodendroglia (CNS)
Myelinated neurons
100
Ependymoglia (CNS)
- Line ventricles, central canal of the spinal cord | - Secretory, absorptive, CSF circulatory role
101
Microglia
Remove degenerative debris
102
Gyri
Ridges or folds of the cortex (separated by sulci)

Pathophys II MHM - Exam 3 (5 decks)

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