Neuro Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
What is the difference between unimodal association cortex and Heteromodal association cortex?
A
- Unimodal: higher order processing for single sensory or motor modality
- Heteromodal: integrates function from multiple sensory and/or motor modalities
2
Q
Which later of the cerebral cortex contains the most pyramidal cells & what is their purpose?
A
Layer V (Inner Pyramidal Layer): Contains the largest pyramidal cells, which are the primary output neurons of the cortex.
3
Q
What layer of cerebral cortex sends projections to other brain regions and back to thalamus?
A
Layer VI (Multiforme/Polymorphic Layer): Contains a variety of cell types, including fusiform cells, and sends projections to other brain regions and back to the thalamus.
4
Q
Which cerebral cortex layer has primarily granular cells? What are granular cells?
A
- Layer II (Outer Granular Layer): Primarily composed of granular cells.
- Project mainly to adjacent cortical areas & largely involved in sensory areas
5
Q
Which cerebral cortex layer is the main main recipient of thalamic inputs?
A
Layer IV (Inner Granular Layer): The main recipient of thalamic inputs, and contains a high density of granular cells.
6
Q
Neocortex: agranular cortex:
A
Agranular:long axons with large pyramidal cells
7
Q
Neocortex: granular cortex:
A
Granular: Sensory areas projecting to adjacent cortical areas w/o many long axons
8
Q
What are the two regions associated with Motor Associated Cortex? What does it do?
A
Premotor Cortex + Supplemental Motor Cortex = Motor Associated Cortex
- Execution, planning, & sequence of motor movements
9
Q
Where is the Micturition of Inhibition lobe?
A
- Medial aspect of Supplemental Motor area
10
Q
What to the frontal eye fields do?
What lobe are they located in?
A
- Frontal eye fields are rapid voluntary movement with control of gaze
- Located w/in Frontal Lobe
11
Q
Wat does the Prefrontal Cortex do generally speaking?
A
- Voluntary eye movement
- Personality
- Behavior
- Motor planning
12
Q
What is the superior portion of the temporal lobe that is just inferior to the Lateral fissure?
A
- This is the Primary Auditory Cortex that is responsible for awareness of sound, frequency, & location of sound
13
Q
What does the Auditory Association cortex do?
Where is it?
A
- Lateral aspect of Temporal lobe
- Object recognition and naming
14
Q
The medial aspect of the Temporal lobe is the Parahippocampal gyrus which:
A
- Parahippocampal gyrus: plays a crucial role in memory, particularly episodic memory and spatial processing
15
Q
What is another name for calcarine cortex?
A
- Area 17 or Primary visual cortex
- Has neurons projecting to anterior regions towards parieto-occipital and occipitotemporal cortex
16
Q
Primary visual cortex neurons projecting to anterior regions towards parieto-occipital and occipitotemporal cortex: the projections of each are for:
A
- Towards parieto-occipital: analysis of motion and spatial relation
- Towards occipitotemporal: analysis of form and color
17
Q
Where is the cingulate gyrus & what does it do?
A
- Adj to corpus callosum
- Behavioral drive, motivation, and visuospatial memory
18
Q
Where is the insular cortex and what does it do?
A
- Medial aspect after retraction of temporal lobe
- Gustation, Visceral sensation, Vestibular sensation
19
Q
Orbitalfrontal gyri + medial prefrontal cortex + anterior cingulate cortex do what?
A
- Involved in mechanism of social cognition
- Emotion regulation
- Motivation
- Decision making
20
Q
Cudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus are all part of:
Together they are involved in:
A
- These are part of basal nuclei (ganglia)
- Function in motor programming
- Initiation of motor programs
21
Q
What is the general function of hippocampus?
A
- Learning
- Memory
22
Q
What are association pathways? Generally, where are they located?
A
- Fiber tracts = association pathways
- Run longitudinal w/in a hemisphere
23
Q
What is the general purpose of the superior longitudinal fasciculus?
A
Connects different portions of the superior parietal lobe with frontal lobe
24
Q
Which white matter tract connects the occipital and temporal lobes? What else does it connect?
A
- Inferior longitudinal fasciculus: Connects areas of the occipital and temporal lobes
- Connects them also with inferior portions of the frontal lobe
25
What does the cingulum do?
A white matter tract that connects medial surfaces of the frontal and parietal lobes
26
What is the purpose of U fibers?
Short association fibers that connect adjacent gyri
27
What does the arcuate fasciculus do?
- Connects inferior parietal lobule with frontal operculum
- On L hemisphere, connects Wernicke area & Broca area
28
Contrast the location of the external capsule from the extreme capsule:
**External capsule**: Insinuated between the claustrum & putamen
_Extreme_ capsule: located between the claustrum and insular cortex
29
Where is the claustrum:
Thin layer of neuron cell bodies located internal to the insular cortex
30
What is he significance of the splenium?
- The fibers that connect each occipital lobe
- Fibers run through corpus callosum
- Fibers connecting L & R hemisphere regions are "forceps"
31
Where do the fibers pass through to connect the L & R frontal lobes?
Fibers connecting L & R hemisphere regions are:
- Pass through the Genu of the corpus callosum
- "Forceps"
32
What is the significance of the Corona radiata?
- Superior to the internal capsule, it is a collection of projection fibers that interconnect the cerebral cortex with thalamus and different cortical areas in the centrum semiovale of each hemisphere
33
T/F: The internal capsule is a while matter tract. Axons traveling to the prefrontal cortex are in the anterior limb of the internal
capsule, fibers projecting to the motor
and premotor areas are in the genu
and posterior limb, and fibers carrying
somatosensory information to the
parietal cortex occupy the posterior
limb just behind those projecting to
motor areas. The optic radiations are in the
retrolenticular portion of the internal
capsule, and the auditory radiations
are in the sublenticular portion.
True
34
What does the recurrent artery of Heubner supply?
Caudate head and anterior portions of the lentiform nucleus
35
What is the main supply to the primary visual cortex?
Calcarine artery which came from P4 of Posterior Cerebral A
36
What is the blood supply of the parahippocampal gyrus and precuneus?
P3 & P4 coming off Posterior Cerebral A.
37
Brain vascular supply includes A1-A5 which arise from:
Anterior Cerebral Artery
38
Lenticulostriate arteries arise from:
Lenticulostirate A. ← M1 ← Middle Cerebral A.
39
What is the vascular supply of the insular lobe?
M2
* note this branch has segments that transition from M3 to M4 as they move from medial to lateral
40
Inferior region of
the posterior limb, optic tract,
portions of the________________ (the
Meyer loop), inferior parts of the
__________________, ____________________,
amygdala, choroid plexus in the
temporal horns, and immediately
adjacent retrolenticular limb are supplied by:
Branches of the anterior choroidal A. supply inferior region of
the posterior limb, optic tract,
portions of the optic radiation (the
Meyer loop), inferior parts of the
basal nuclei, hippocampus,
amygdala, choroid plexus in the
temporal horns, and immediately
adjacent retrolenticular limb
41
A sudden occlusion of an internal
carotid artery or a drop in blood
pressure in a patient with carotid
stenosis can cause:
A sudden occlusion of an internal
carotid artery or a drop in blood
pressure in a patient with carotid
stenosis can cause an ACA–MCA
watershed infarct, since the MCA and
ACA are both fed by the carotid.
42
What arteries supply the Internal Capsule?
- Anterior Limb Internal Capsule: lenticulostriate A & branches of recurrent A. of Heubner
- Posterior Limb Internal Capsule: lentinculostriate
43
What is contained within the macula lutea?
Macula lutea has the Fovea centralis that is almost all cone photoreceptors.
- Here there is almost a 1:1 ratio of cones:ganglion cells
44
Describe the circulation of aqueous humor:
Produced by Ciliary body → from posterior to anterior of lens → Canal of Schlemm → Trabecular Network → Dural Venous sinuses/Anterior Ciliary and Vorticose veins
45
The ciliary muscle induces relaxing and tensing of the ________________________ of the eye. What happens during relaxation and tensing?
- Ciliary muscle when **relaxed** the lens is **taut** → seeing far
- Ciliary muscle is **contracted** the lens is **more spherical** → seeing near
46
Define: Presbyopia
Age related loss of accommodation due to lens stiffening
47
What are the symptoms of Age-Related Macular Degeneration?
There are two forms, explain each:
Blurry or distorted vision
1. Dry: thinning and lipid deposit of macula
2. Wet: abnormal blood vessel growth and more significant visual changes
48
What happens in retinitis pigmentosa?
- Loss of peripheral rods and loss moving more centrally
- Results in tunnel vision
49
What is the purpose of the vitreous humor and retina?
- Vitreous humor holds retina in place
50
Blurred optic disc can be indicative of ____________________ due to increase CSF compressing the optic disc.
This is papilledema
51
When the Ciliary muscle contracts it becomes smaller, why?
The ciliary muscle is a sphincter muscle, so when it contracts it becomes smaller
52
What is the problem in Glaucoma?
- Ultimately there is too much Aqueous humor which puts pressure and messes with the retina
- There is *open angle*: too much Aqueous humor being produced by ciliary body
- _Closed angle_: where there is some blockage of reabsorption of aqueous houmor
53
What artery supplies the inner layer of the retina?
Central retinal A which is a branch of ophthalmic artery
54
What is the difference between central Retinal A. Long & Short?
- Long: run b/t the sclera and choroid
- Short: supply choroid, retinal pigmented epithelium, and optic nerve head
55
What is the significance of photoreceptor cells having open Na + and Ca + channels?
- They remain open so that the cell remains _depolarized_ this way Glu is continuously released to the Bipolar Neuron cell
- When light hits the PRC, they hyperpolarize so that Glu **stops** being released an the bipolar cell can transmit signal to Retinal ganglion cell
- *note this is a graded response*
56
What is the significance of Vitamin A in eye health?
- Vitamin A is important in regenerating rhodopsin after it becomes bound to transducin
- If there is lack of Vit A can lead to nightblindness
57
Describe where horizontal cells are and what they do?
- Horizontal cells are between the Retinal bipolar cells & Photoreceptor cells
- They Enhance contrast and sharpness via inhibition
58
Describe where and what are Amacrine cells?
- Amarcine cells are between Retinal Ganglion cells & Bipolar cells
- Involved in motion detection, light adaptation, temporal sensitivity
59
Retinal ganglion cells participate in lateral inhibition meaning:
They respond maximally to edge contrasts
60
Where does the optic nerve leave the retina?
Lamina cribrosa
61
There are two types of Ganglion cells: M cells & P cells. Describe M cells
- M cells: receive input from rods in the periphery of retinal largely
- Have visual motor perception
- Dominant in the dorsal stream "where pathway"
62
There are two types of Ganglion cells: M cells & P cells. Describe P cells
- P cells are receiving input from small qt. of cones
- Dominant in ventral stream "what" pathway
- Color vision involvement
63
There are three types of cells in the Lateral Geniculate N. of the ____________________:
- Lateral Geniculate N. is in Thalamus
- Magnocellular layers
- Parvocellular layers
- Koniocellular layers/Dust cells
64
- Magnocellular layers
- Parvocellular layers
- Koniocellular layers/Dust cells
These are all cells of:
What do dust cells do?
- These are cells of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of the Thalamus
- Process of blue light & delivery to V1
65
Myers loop travels through what lobe?
Temporal lobe
66
This white matter tract travels through the temporal lobe carrying superior visual field
Meyers loop travels _inferiorly_ through the temporal lobe carrying the **superior** visual field contralateral
67
Baums loop travels through what lobe?
Parietal
68
This white matter tract travels through the parietal lobe carrying the inferior visual field:
This a Baum's loop that travels _superiorly_ through the parietal lobe carrying **inferior** visual field contralateral
69
What separates lingual from cuneus gyrus?
Calcarine fissure separates Lingual from Calcarine gyrus
70
Where does the Meyer loop go to in primary visual cortex?
Meyer loop is carrying superior visual field information to the Lingual gyrus
71
Where does Baum's loop go to in primary visual cortex?
Baum's loop is carrying inferior visual field information to the Cuneus gyrus
72
List cortical cells that process light:
Simple cells
Complex cells
Hypercomplex cells
73
Cortical cells include:
Simple cells
Complex cells
Hypercomplex cells
Describe what do simple cells do?
- Basic **edge detection**
- Respond to light/dark bars or edges at specific orientation and location
- Monocular
74
Cortical cells include:
Simple cells
Complex cells
Hypercomplex cells
Describe what do complex cells do?
- Detect **orientation and motion**
- Binocular
- Respond to edges or bars at specific orientation, anywhere in receptive field
75
Cortical cells include:
Simple cells
Complex cells
Hypercomplex cells
Describe what do hypercomplex cells do?
- Detect **shape boundaries and endpoints**
- Binocular
- Respond to increases with length up to a limit
76
After reaching the primary visual cortex, what happens to visual information?
- Go to Processing stream: Dorsal or Ventral stream
77
The Ventral stream is known for:
- Ventral stream is a visual processing stream spanning the Temporal lobe
- Known as the "what stream"
- Processes object recognition, form, color, facial and object identity
78
The Dorsal stream is known for:
- Dorsal stream is the visual processing stream spanning Parietal Lobe
- Known as the "where" stream
- Processes object recognition, form, color, facial, and object identity
79
Akinetopsia is:
- Motion blindness
- Inability to perceive motion smoothly
80
Akinetopsia is: Motion blindness & Inability to perceive motion smoothly. It is associated with damage to:
Give an example:
- Akinetopsia is associated with damage to Dorsal stream
- Ex. can't pour coffee without overfilling the mug
81
What is optic ataxia? Damage to what is associated with this deficit?
- Poor hand-eye coordination, especially when reaching for objects in peripheral vision
- Associated with damage to Dorsal stream
82
Right sided parietal lobe damage can lead to left-sided neglect. Why does left neglect occur more often than right?
- Left neglect occurs more often since control of spatial attention is localized more to the right parietal cortex
83
Visuospatial Neglect/hemineglect ‐ failure to attend to stimuli
on one side of space, despite intact sensory pathways. This causes patient to ignore the left visual field, body, or environment. Often unaware of the deficit (_______________). What is the milder form of this?
- Anosognosia
- Milder form is _extinction_ where there is only neglect revealed during simultaneous bilateral stimulation
84
Define Anosognosia:
A neurological condition in which the patient is unaware of their neurological deficit or psychiatric condition.
85
List two syndromes resulting from Ventral stream damage:
1. Visual agnosia
2. Prosopagnosia
86
List two syndromes resulting from Ventral stream damage:
1. Visual agnosia
2. Prosopagnosia
Describe Visual agnosia
Visual agnosia is inability to recognize objects despite intact vision. Pt can describe features but not name their use or object
87
List two syndromes resulting from Ventral stream damage:
1. Visual agnosia
2. Prosopagnosia
Describe Prosopagnosia
- Inability to recognize familiar face
- Often due to damage in the fusiform face
- Typically occurring in R hemisphere b/c this side is dominant in most persons
88
What is scotoma?
- Caused by retinal lesion
- Area or "island" of visual loss within the visual field
89
What is the lesion that can cause bitemporal heteronymous hemianopsia?
- Lesion of _midline_ optic chiasm
- B/C each respective temporal retina will go to LGN for processing
- Temporal retinal will be intact so **can see retinal visual field**
90
What lesion would lead to L Homonymous hemianopsia?
- Inability to visualize either L visual field
- Right optic tract lesion would lead to this deficit
91
Name this deficit:
Binasal heteronymous hemianopsia
92
Which cranial nerve provides sensory innervation to the cornea and sclera
The ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V1), specifically the Nasociliary branch within it
93
The hypothalamus functions in three systems:
1. Autonomic system
2. Limbic system
3. Endocrine system
Describe generally what the limbic system does:
- Limbic system is involved in emotion, feeding behavior, learning memory, & sexual behaviors
94
The largest hippocampal projection is the Fornix. Describe the pathway of this projection & what it is involved in:
- Episodic memory and Reflexive olfaction
- Hippocampus → Fornix → Mammillary Body
95
Hippocampus → Fornix → Maimmilary Body → Anterior Thalamic Nucleus → Cingulate Gyrus → Hippocampus
What is this pathway describing?
What is the major role(s) of this pathway?
- This is Papez Circuit which is part of the Limbic system
- Involved episodic memory and reflexive olfaction
96
What is the Striae Terminalis? What does it do?
- Striae Terminalis starts at Amygdala → Mammillary Body
- Involved in stress, fear, and social behavior
97
Amygdala → Mammillary Body is a pathway in the Limbic system known as:
What is it responsible for?
- This is Stria Terminalis
- Involved in stress, fear, and social behavior
98
What is the significance in the median eminence and fenestrated capillaries in relation to Hypothalamus?
- Median eminence is where hypothalamic releasing hormones enter hypophyseal portal system
- Fenestrated capillaries in the portal system enable rapid hormone exchange b/t hypothalamus & pituitary
99
T/F: The median eminence is where the hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland
False, hypothalamus is connected to pituitary by infundibulum and hypophysial stalk
100
The anterior pituitary gland has 3 parts:
1. Pars distalis
2. Pars intermedia
3. Pars tuberalis
Describe Pars distalis
- Pars distalis is the major hormone secreting region of anterior pituitary
101
The anterior pituitary gland has 3 parts:
1. Pars distalis
2. Pars intermedia
3. Pars tuberalis
Describe Pars intermedia
- Pars intermedia is the thin, vestigial strip with cystic remnants of Rathke's pouch (an ectodermal invagination of the stomodeum)
102
The anterior pituitary gland has 3 parts:
1. Pars distalis
2. Pars intermedia
3. Pars tuberalis
Describe Pars Tuberalis
- Pars tuberalis wraps around the hypophyseal stalk, part of the adenohypophysis
103
What layer of the posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones?
Pas nervosa
104
List 4 regions of **medial** hypothalamic groups:
Anterior (Preoptic)
Supraoptic
Tuberal
Posterior (Mammillary)
105
What is special about the preoptic hypothalamus nucleus:
- Develops from the telencephalon rather than diencephalon
106
This nuclei are rostral extensions of the lateral and medial hypothalamic zones. The latera portion is involved in:
The medial portion is involved in:
- This is preoptic zone with Medial and Lateral Preoptic Nuclei
- Lateral: promotion of non-REM sleep and modulating arousal
- Medial: thermoregulation, reproductive behaviors, and GnRH secretion
107
The Anterior Supraoptic Zone of Hypothalamus has 4 nuclei:
1. Anterior hypothalamic nucleus
2. Supraoptic nucleus
3. Periventricular nucleus
4. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
108
The Anterior Supraoptic Zone of Hypothalamus has 4 nuclei:
1. Anterior hypothalamic nucleus
2. Supraoptic nucleus
3. Periventricular nucleus
4. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
What does #1 do?
Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus is involved in thermoregulation
109
The Anterior Supraoptic Zone of Hypothalamus has 4 nuclei:
1. Anterior hypothalamic nucleus
2. Supraoptic nucleus
3. Periventricular nucleus
4. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
What does #2 do?
Produces ADH/Vassopressin
110
The Anterior Supraoptic Zone of Hypothalamus has 4 nuclei:
1. Anterior hypothalamic nucleus
2. Supraoptic nucleus
3. Periventricular nucleus
4. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
What does #3 do?
Modulates neuroendocrine function, pain inhibition, and autonomic control
111
Thermoregulation, Production of Vasopressin/ADH, modulation of neuroendocrine function, pain inhibition, and autonomic control and circadian rhythm regulation are all:
These are all actions of nuclei within the anterior supraoptic region
112
The Anterior Supraoptic Zone of Hypothalamus has 4 nuclei:
1. Anterior hypothalamic nucleus
2. Supraoptic nucleus
3. Periventricular nucleus
4. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
What does #4 do?
- Circadian rhythm regulation
113
What are the nuclei of the Middle Tuberal region of the Hypothalamus?
1. Arcuate nucleus
2. Ventromedial nucleus
3. Dorsomedial nucleus
114
The nuclei of the Middle Tuberal region of the Hypothalamus:
1. Arcuate nucleus
2. Ventromedial nucleus
3. Dorsomedial nucleus
What does Arcuate nucleus do?
- Regulates appetite and secretes releasing hormones for the anterior pituitary
- Integrates short- and long-term signals related to hunger, satiety, and energy balance
115
The nuclei of the Middle Tuberal region of the Hypothalamus:
1. Arcuate nucleus
2. Ventromedial nucleus
3. Dorsomedial nucleus
What does Ventromedial nucleus do?
- Satiety center, inhibits feeding and regulates energy balance
116
The nuclei of the Middle Tuberal region of the Hypothalamus:
1. Arcuate nucleus
2. Ventromedial nucleus
3. Dorsomedial nucleus
What does Dorsoomedial nucleus do?
Involved in feeding behavior, circadian rhythms, and emotional responses
117
What are the nuclei of the Posterior Mammillary region of the Hypothalamus?
1. Medial mammillary nucleus
2. Intermediate mammillary nucleus
3. Lateral Mammillary Nucleus
4. Posterior hypothalamic nucleus
118
The nuclei of the Posterior Mammillary region of the Hypothalamus are:
1. Medial mammillary nucleus
2. Intermediate mammillary nucleus
3. Lateral Mammillary Nucleus
4. Posterior hypothalamic nucleus
What do they collectively do?
Memory processing
Autonomic regulation
Arousal
119
What is the significance of the Mammillothalamic Tract?
Mammillary tract → anterior nucleus of Thalamus → Limbic Cortex → Cingulate gyrus
120
Damage to this nucleus causes behavior changes and savage behaviors.
Damage to Dorsal Medial Nucleus causes savage behaviors
121
What structure is a component of the mesolimbic reward pathway?
- Hypothalamus: Medial Forebrain **Bundle** - connects VTA to nucleus accumbent
122
What is the general action of the the Medial **longitudinal fasciculus**:
Involved in coordinating eye movements between CN III, IV, VI
123
What artery supplies the tuberal, mammilary nuclei and cuadal lateral hypothalamic areas?
PCA/Posterior Cerebral A.
124
What artery supplies the preoptic and supraoptic regions, septal nuclei, and rostral lateral hypothalamic area?
Anterior Cerebellar A.
125
Describe the regulation of core temperature in humans:
- Humans core temperature is maintained just below the upper survival limit to ensure enzymatic efficiency but risks protein denaturation
- Heat-gain sensors must be highly sensitive
- Body tolerates a wider range below the lower limit than above
126
What is the difference between lesions below the hypothalamus vs above the hypothalamus. Symptoms include: hyperthermia, hypothermia, or impaired fever response. These symptoms also occur in:
- Above hypothalamus: loss of temp regulation
- Below hypothalamus: temp regulation intact
- Sx can occur in conditions in MS or TBI
127
Describe the balance between cold-sensitive and warm-sensitive neurons of hypothalamus:
Cold-sensitive neurons are typically inhibited by nearby warm-sensitive neurons and become active when warmth decreses
128
Thermal set-point is primarily regulated by the preoptic/anterior hypothalamus including what nuclei?
- Medial preoptic nuclei & Anterior Hypothalamic nucleus
- Posterior hypothalamic nucleus has secondary role
129
What is poikilothermia? What causes it?
- Inability to regulate body temperature that fluctuates with ambient temperature
- Occurs in bilateral lesion of hypothalamus
130
Lesion of the Anterior Hypothalamus can lead to ___________________. Why?
- Anterior Hypothalamus nucleus detects elevated body temperature and activates sweating and cutaneous vaso**dilation**
- If these are impaired body can't cool down = Hyperthermia
131
Nucleus ___________________ Pallidus is held under tonic GABAergic inhibition by the preoptic area. They project to T1-L2. And disinhibition results in:
- Nucleus Raphe Pallidus
- Disinhibition triggers pyrogenic responses to increase temp
- i.e. Brown fat activation, thyroid stimulation, shivering
132
What do Pyrogens act on?
- Pyrogens act on the hypothalamus to induce fever by **inhibiting** anterior hypothalamic heat loss pathways
- _Exo_genous pyrogens trigger immune cells to release *endogenous* pyrogens to ultimately produce Prostaglandin E2
133
**Sensory-driven** intake integrates sensory, reward, and motivational signals to promote feeding behavior, especially in response to palatable or anticipated food cues. Portions of the Hypothalamus contributing include:
- Prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex
- Nucleus Accumbens
- Lateral Hypothalamic Area and VTA
134
_Emotion driven_ modulation of feeding integrates emotional and stress-related signals to regulate feeding in response to anxiety, threat, or emotional salience. Portions of the hypothalamus contributing to this are:
- Bed of Nucleus of Stria Terminalis
- Central amydala
135
What do POMC neurons of the Arcuate nucleus do?
These neurons are anorexigenic pathway involved and suppress feeding
136
What is the significance of Suprachiasmatic nucleus?
- This nucleus has neurons that undergo self-regulating transcriptional cycles that produce ~24 hour rhythms
- Clock genes
- Involved in Circadian rhythm not relying on environmental cues i.e. sunset
137
