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Neuro 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How does a membranes permeability to an ion effect resting potential?

A

More permeable, closer membrane resting potential gets to that ion’s equilibrium potential

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2
Q

What vitamin should be avoided in levadopa therapy?

A

B6. Increases peripheral metabolism of levadopa, decreasing it’s effectiveness

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3
Q

Calcified suprasellar cystic tumor

A

Craniopharyngeoma. Arise from Rathke’s pouch.

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4
Q

How is duration of onset of an anesthetic effected by it’s solubility in peripheral tissues.

A

Blood has to be saturated before drug will reach blood-brain barrier. If there is high solubility in peripheral tissues it will take longer to reach a concentration where it is effective.

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5
Q

What is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in all ages?

A

Strep pneumoniae

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6
Q

lancet shaped gram positive cocci found in pairs

A

Strep pneumo

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7
Q

Symmetrical enlargement of the ventriculi

A

Communicating hydrocephalus

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8
Q

bilateral wedge-shaped bands of necrosis over the cerebral convexity, just lateral to the interhemispheric fissure

A

Watershed infarct caused by global cerebral ischemia

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9
Q

Why can sensation to the posterior external auditory canal cause syncope?

A

Innervated by vagus nerve -> Vasovagal syncope

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10
Q

High potency typical antipsychotics

A

Haloperidol, fluphenazine, pimozide

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11
Q

Low potency typical antipsychotics

A

Chlorpromazine

Thioridazine

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12
Q

Atypical Antipsychotics

A

Clozapine
Risperidone
Olanzapine
Quetiapine

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13
Q

Mechanism of typical antipsychotics

A

block dopamine receptors

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14
Q

Mechanism of atypical antipsychotics

A

?? Effect on 5-HT, dopamine, and alpha-and H1 receptors

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15
Q

Mechanism of effects of normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

expanded ventricles puts pressure on cortical afferent and efferent fibers (including ones that control bladder)

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16
Q

Effects of prefrontal cortex lesions

A

inappropriate behavior
impaired judgement
lost problem solving skills

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17
Q

What form of dementia causes destruction of the frontal lobes?

A

Pick’s disease

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18
Q

What is the first area damaged during global cerebral ischemia?

A

hippocampus, pyramidal cells are more sensitive to oxygen loss

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19
Q

Where is the chemoreceptor trigger zone located?

A

Dorsal surface of the medulla at the caudal end of the fourth ventricle (area postrema)

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20
Q

How long after ischemic brain injury do red neurons show up? What do they signify?

A

12-48 hours. Sign of irreversible injury

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21
Q

What area of the brain displays the greatest defree of atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Hippocampus

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22
Q

Tendency for clinical symptoms of a genetic disorder to worsen or occur earlier in subsequent generations:

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A

Anticipation (Occurs with paternal transmission of Huntingtons)

23
Q

How does ketamine block opioid tolerance?

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A

Blocks NMDA receptor, which, when activated by glutamate, can enhance opioid tolerance by increasing phosphorylation of opioid receptors.

24
Q

What germ layer is the anterior pituitary derived from?

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A

Surface ectoderm

25
Histologic findings in Alzherimer's dementia
Neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques
26
What is the first line of treatment for narcolepsy?
Scheduled daytime naps and psychostimulants (most commonly modafinil)
27
Intracellular bacteria that can grow at refigeration temperatures
Listeria monocytogenes
28
Cause of MS
unknown, but probably autoimmune
29
Nerve that supplies medial 1 and 1/2 digits of hand
ulnar
30
Rapidly progressive dementia and myoclonic jerks
CJD
31
Symptoms of Anterior cerebral artery occlusion
weakness of contralateral legs, trunk, and genitals | Behavior and mood changes (frontal lobe structures)
32
MOA of cocaine and TCAs
inhibits presynaptic reuptake of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in adernergic synapses
33
Best initial lab test for temporal arteritis
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate | Confirmed by temporal artery biopsy
34
STAT treatment for temporal arteritis
Corticosteroids to prevent vision loss
35
Most common cause of cerebral intraparenchymal hemmorrhage
Hypertension causing Charcot-Bouchard pseudoaneurysms
36
Fluent aphasia
speech that is fluent with correct articulation and rhythm, but has no meaning. Due to Wernicke's area lesion (Word salad)
37
What vessel supplies Wernicke's area?
Middle cerebral artery
38
Mechanism of Lambert Eaton Syndrome
antibodies to voltage gated presynaptic calcium channels
39
Mechanism of tetanus toxin
prevents release of GABA and glycine in inhibitory interneurons of the spinal cord.
40
What viral infection causes subacute sclerosing encephalitis
Measles (rare complication). Occurs years after initial infection
41
Treatment for cardiac abnormalities caused by TCA overdose
Sodium Bicarbonate
42
Major function of Ventromedial nuclei of hypothalamus
Mediates satiety, stimulated by leptin
43
Major function of lateral hypothalamic nuclei
mediates hunger, inhibited by leptin
44
Major function of anterior hypothalamic nuclei
mediates heat dissipation via parasympathetics
45
Major function of posterior hypothalamic nuclei
mediates heat conversion via sympathetics
46
Major function of arcurate hypothalamic nuclei
secretion of dopamine (inhibits prolactin), GHRH and gonadotropin
47
Major function of paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei
ADH, Corticotropin releasing hormone, oxytocin, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone secretion
48
Major function of supraoptic hypothalamic nuclei
secretion of ADH and oxytocin
49
Major function of Suprachiasmatic hypothalamic nuclei
Circadian rhythm regulation and pineal gland function
50
Symptoms of serotonin syndrome
1. Neuromuscular excitation 2. Autonomic stimulation 3. Altered mental status
51
What non-neuro drugs can cause seretonin syndrome when given with other serotonergic drugs
tramadol (analgesic), ondansetron, and linezolid (abx)
52
Symptoms of Friedreich's ataxia
``` Progressive ataxia of all four limbs Loss of position and vibration sensation Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Skeletal abnormalitites (hammer toes) DM ```
53
Reversal agent for atropine/Jimson weed poisioning
Physostigmine- increases concentration of acetylcholine in synaptic cleft by inhibiting cholinesterase

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