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1. USMLE > NEURO > Flashcards

NEURO Flashcards

(54 cards)

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0
Q

Dysdiadockinesia

A

Problem performing alternating movement

Ex pronation and supination of the forearm

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1
Q

Dysmetria

A

Inability to stop a movement at a particular position

Finger to nose difficulty

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2
Q

Scanning dysarthia

A

Dis Connective speech

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3
Q

Lesion to the vermis

A

Trunk ataxia and

Looses balance even if eyes open or closed can differentiate from rhombergs sign

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4
Q

Parkinson’s disease

Micro findings

A

Lewy bodies

Composed of alpha synuclein aka intracyto esoinophilic inclusions

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5
Q

Wide based gait

A

Crerbellar problems

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6
Q

Shuffling gait

A

Parkinson’s

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7
Q

Kulver bucy syn

Association and its location

A

Lesion to bilateral amygdala
Hyper oral, hypersex, disinhibition of behavior
Associated with hsv1

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8
Q

Right parietal-temporal cortex

A

Spatial neglect syndrome (agnosia of the contralateral side of the world)

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9
Q

Left parietal-temporal cortex

A

Agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, and left-right disorientation

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10
Q

Gertstmann syndrome

A

Agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, and left-right disorientation

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11
Q

Conductive hearing loss

Rinne and webers test

A

Rinne: abnormal bone>air

Weber : localize to affected ear

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12
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Rinne: Nomal air >bone
Webers: localized to unaffected ear

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13
Q

Sclera what type collagen

A

Type 1 collagen

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14
Q

Cornea collagen?

A

Type 1

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15
Q

Vitreous humor collagen?

A

2

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16
Q

Lens

A

Type 4

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17
Q

Hyperopia

A

Eye too short for refractive power of cornea and lens p light focused behind retina.

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18
Q

Myopia

A

Eye too long for refractive power of cornea and lens p light focused in front of retina.

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19
Q

Astigmatism

A

Abnormal curvature of cornea resulting in different refractive power at different axes.

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20
Q

Presbyopia

A

Decrease in focusing ability during accommodation due to sclerosis and r elasticity.

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21
Q

Retinitis association

Study These Flashcards
A

Often viral (CMV, HSV, HZV). Associated with immunosuppression.

22
Q

Uveitis asociation

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A

often associated with systemic inflammatory disorders (e.g., sarcoid, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, TB, HLA-B27–associated conditions).

23
Q

Central retinal artery occlusion

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A

Acute, painless monocular vision loss. Retina cloudy with attenuated vessels and “cherry-red” spot at the fovea

24
Retinal vein occlusion
Blockage of central or branch retinal vein due to compression from nearby arterial atherosclerosis. Retinal hemorrhage and edema in affected area.
25
Diabetic retinopathy | Non-proliferative
damaged capillaries leak blood
26
Diabetic retinopathy | proliferative
chronic hypoxia results in new blood vessel formation with resultant traction on retina. Treatment: peripheral retinal photocoagulation, anti-VEGF injections.
27
open-angle type Glaucoma
Painless, more common in U.S. blocked trabecular meshwork from WBCs (e.g., uveitis), RBCs (e.g., vitreous hemorrhage), retinal elements (e.g., retinal detachment). night blindness and gradual loss of peripheral vision leading to tunnel vision and blindness
28
Closed/narrow angle Glaucoma | in acute conditions
true ophthalmic emergency.
29
Glaucoma
Optic disc atrophy with characteristic cupping, usually with
30
drugs contraindicated in CLosed angle
antimuscarinics and a1 agonist
31
Cataract
Painless, often bilateral, opacification of lens A
33
Cataract Risk Factors
34
CN IV damage
eye moves upward, particularly with contralateral gaze and head tilt toward the side of the lesion (problems going down stairs, may present with compensatory head tilt in the opposite direction).
35
afferent pupillary defect
Marcus Gunn pupil | due to optic nerve damage or severe retinal injury.
36
Bruch membrane and retinal pigment epithelium (“drusen”) with gradual
Age-related macular degeneration
37
Dry (nonexudative-Age-related macular degeneration)
deposition of yellowish extracellular material in and beneath Bruch membrane and retinal pigment epithelium (“drusen”) with gradual
38
wet (nonexudative-Age-related macular degeneration)
rapid loss of vision due to bleeding 2° to choroidal | neovascularization. Treat with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections (anti-VEGF) or laser. CAN SCAR
39
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO)
lack of communication such that when CN VI nucleus activates ipsilateral lateral rectus, contralateral CN III nucleus does not stimulate medial rectus to fire. Abducting eye gets nystagmus (CN VI overfires to stimulate CN III). Convergence normal.
40
Alzheimer disease APP inc risk in what syndrome
ch 21 | down syn
41
presenilin-1
Alzheimer disease ch14
42
presenilin-2
Alzheimer disease ch1
43
ApoE4
late onset ch 19 | inc coversion of app to ABeta
44
Alzheimer disease | histology??
Neurofibrillary tangles: intracellular, hyperphosphorylated tau protein = insoluble cytoskeletal elements; tangles correlate with degree of dementia graunulovaculoar degeneration and hirano bodies in hippcampus
45
frontotemporal dementia
picks disease
46
Pick disease histo?
spherical tau protein aggregates
47
Lewy body dementia
Initially early dementia and visual hallucinations followed by parkinsonian features. dementia + visual hallucina aggravated with antipsycotics
48
Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy
Guillain-Barré
49
Guillain-Barré associations
Associated with infections (Campylobacter jejuni and CMV)
50
Metachromatic leukodystrophy enxyme and accumulation
AR arylsulfatase A deficiency. accum of cerebroside sulfatase
51
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy
52
hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy
Group of progressive hereditary nerve disorders related to the defective production of proteins involved in the structure and function of peripheral nerves or the myelin sheath. Typically autosomal dominant inheritance pattern and associated with scoliosis and foot deformities (high or flat arches).
53
Krabbe disease enzyme, accumulation and findings genetic
deficiency of galactocerebrosidase. of galactocerebroside and psychosine destroys myelin sheath. Findings: peripheral neuropathy, developmental delay, optic atrophy, globoid cells. AR
54
Adrenoleukodystrophy
X-linked genetic disorder typically affecting males. Disrupts metabolism of very-long-chain fatty acids

1. USMLE (7 decks)

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