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Buzzwords Step 1 > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What is the only cranial nerve that comes off the dorsal surface of the brain stem?

A

CN IV

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2
Q

What type of fiber is carried in the dorsal root?

A

Sensory only

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3
Q

How would a lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion present?

A

Hyporeflexia and flaccid paralysis (always ipsilateral)

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4
Q

What is the name of the brain stem tract in which the dorsal columns run?

A

Medial lemniscus

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5
Q

What is the ability to tell what something is without looking at it and using only your hands?

A

Stereognosis

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6
Q

In what tract do pain and temperature fibers run?

A

Spinothalamic tract

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7
Q

What gyrus in the cerebral cortex receives information from fibers of the dorsal column tract?

A

Postcentral gyrus

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8
Q

What area of the brain is responsible for contralateral gaze?

A

Frontal eye field (Brodmann area 8)

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9
Q

What is the thalamic relay nucleus for the visual system?

A

Lateral geniculate body (LGB)

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10
Q

What is the function of the ossicles?

A

They increase the intensity of sound?

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11
Q

What muscle in the eye is responsible for accommodation?

A

Ciliary muscle

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12
Q

What area of the eye has the greatest visual acuity?

A

Fovea (it is made up soley of cones)

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13
Q

What cell type in the eye is for color vision?

A

Cones (Cones and Color start with C)

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14
Q

If there is macula sparing in a visual deficit, where is the lesion?

A

In the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex

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15
Q

Which way do the eyes drift in a frontal eye field lesion?

A

To the side of the lesion

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16
Q

What is the thalamic relay nucleus that CN V needs to “speak” to in order to pass its information on to the cerebral cortex?

A

Ventroposteromedial (VPM)

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17
Q

Cell bodies of what fibers are found in the mesencephalic nucleus of CN V?

A

Proprioception of the face (CN V) and motor (jaw jerk reflex)

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18
Q

If a patient presented with an LMN lesion in CN V, CN VII, or CN XII, what would you see?

A

Ipsilateral paresis

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19
Q

What is the motor relay nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Ventrolateral (VL) nucleus of thalamus

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20
Q

What is the only cell type to leave the cerebellum?

A

Purkinje (inhibitory)

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21
Q

If a patient presented with a right-sided cerebellar lesion, which way would the patient fall if he closed his eyes?

A

To the right

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22
Q

What is the function of the superior olivary nucleus?

A

To localize and determine the nature of sounds (Sound and superior start with S)

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23
Q

If a patient presents with a left nystagmus, where is the lesion?

A

On the right, because the nystagmus is named for the fast component, and the fast component is to the unaffected side

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24
Q

What region of the cerebellum is responisible for the planning of movements?

A

Cerebellar hemisphere

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25
Q

What is the thalamic relay nucleus for the limbic system?

A

Anterior nucleus

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26
Q

What fluid is found in the anterior chamber of the eye?

A

Aqueous humor

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27
Q

What is the dividing line between the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye?

A

The lens

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28
Q

If there is a total anopsia of the left eye, where is the lesion?

A

Optic nerve of the left eye

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29
Q

What is the center for ipsilateral gaze?

A

The paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF)

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30
Q

What fluid of the inner ear has an electrolyte content like that of the extracellular fluid compartment (ECF)?

A

Perilymph

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31
Q

What is the thalamic relay nucleus for the auditory system?

A

MGB

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32
Q

What region of the cerebellum is responsible for balance and eye movement?

A

Flocculonodular lobe

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33
Q

What is the only cell in the cerebellum to have an excitatory neurotransmitter

A

Granule cell

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34
Q

What does the nystagmus look like if cold water is placed in the right ear?

A

Slow drift to the right, fast drift to the left

COWS = Cold Opposite Warm Same (named in reference to the fast component)

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35
Q

Information from the cerebellum leaves via what?

A

Superior cerebellar peduncle

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36
Q

In what portion of the internal capsule are you if you can see the caudate nucleus?

A

Anterior limb

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37
Q

What type of memory is lost in a hippocampal lesion?

A

Long-term memory

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38
Q

In what region of the brain stem does the corticospinal tract cross over?

A

Medullary decussation

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39
Q

From what gyrus of the brain does the corticospinal tract originate?

A

Precentral gyrus

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40
Q

What type of fiber(s) are carried in the ventral rami?

A

Both sensory and motor (from the spinal nerve on both sensory and motor fibers)

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41
Q

What are the hallmark signs of an upper motor neuron (UMN) lesion?

A

Hyperreflexia
Spastic paralysis
Positive Babinski signs

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42
Q

What tract carriers fibers for voluntary refined movements of the distal extremities?

A

Corticospinal tract

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43
Q

What is the name of the tract in which the dorsal columns from the lower extremities run?

A 
Fasciculus gracilis (It is medial of the two tracts on a cross-section of the spinal cord; the later tract is the fasciculus cuneatus.)
Remember: Lower extremities--dancing--graceful--gracilis.
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44
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculi?

A

Cell bodies that are to be relayed to the thalamus for sight are found there. (Sight and superior start with S.)

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45
Q

In order for sensory information from the dorsal columns and the spinothalamic tract to get to the cerebral cortex, they must use what thalamic relay nucleus?

A

Ventroposterolateral (VPL)

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46
Q

In which region of the spinal cord does the spinothalamic tract cross over?

A

Ventral white commissure (VWC)

47
Q

Sensory information from the spinothalamic tract sends its information to what region of the cerebral cortex?

A

Postcentral gyrus

48
Q

In which region of the brain stem do the dorsal columns cross over?

A

Lower medulla (synapse on nucleus gracilis or cuneatus)

49
Q

What tract carries conscious proprioception, fine touch, two-point discrimination, and vibratory sense?

A

Dorsal column tract (all senses except pain and temperature)

50
Q

What tract of the spinal cord carries dorsal column information from the upper extremities?

A

Fasciculus cuneatus

51
Q

If the right side of the corticobulbar tract to the muscles of facial expression were damaged, where would the deficit be seen?

A

In the contralateral lower face (left)

52
Q

If the corticobulbar tract for CN V and CN XII were cut on the right side, where would the lesion be?

A

There would be no deficit, because the corticobulbar tract receives bilateral input.

53
Q

What type of fibers are carried in the ventral root?

A

Motor only

54
Q

What peduncle(s) carry information into the cerebellum?

A

Inferior and middle cerebellar peduncles

55
Q

Cell bodies of what fibers are found in the trigeminal ganglion?

A

Touch, pain, and temperature

56
Q

When the head moves, what causes the eyes to move in the opposite direction?

A

Vestibular system

57
Q

Unconscious proprioception, body sense, and motor execution are functions of what part of the cerebellum?

A

Vermis and intermediate lobe

58
Q

What three structures contain perilymph?

A
  1. Scala tympani
  2. Scala vestibuli
  3. Semicircular canals
59
Q

The gravity receptors for changes in the position of the head are located in what part of the inner ear?

A

Saccule and utricle

60
Q

What cells are for black and white vision (night vision)?

A

Rods

61
Q

What is the fluid of the posterior compartment of the eye?

A

Vitreous humor

62
Q

What type of fluid in the inner ear has the consistency of intracellular fluid (ICF)?

A

Endolymph (high level of K+)

63
Q

Name three lesions that can cause left homonymous hemianopsia.

A
  1. Lesion of the right optic tract
  2. Lesion of the lateral geniculate body (LGB)
  3. Lesion of the optic radiation
64
Q

What lesion produces a tremor upon movement?

A

A cerebellar lesion

65
Q

What part of the inner ear is sensitive to angular acceleration and deceleration?

A

Semicircular canals

66
Q

What is the normal volume of CSF?

A

Approximately 140 ml

67
Q

What muscle of the eye is under parasympathetic control?

A

Sphincter pupillae

68
Q

What cranial nerve receives sensory information from the cornea?

A

CN V1 (ophthalmic division)

69
Q

What artery supplies blood to the trunk and the lower extremities on a homunculus map of the cerebral cortex?

A

Anterior cerebral artery

70
Q

What structures of the inner ear contain endolymph?

A

Scala media
Semicircular ducts
Saccule
Utricle

71
Q

With what type of lesions do you see tremors at rest?

A

Lesions of the basal ganglia?

72
Q

What muscles of the eye is under sympathetic control?

A

Dilator pupillae

73
Q

Where is the lesion if the patient presents with a right nasal hemianopsia?

A

Right internal carotid artery compression on the optic chiasm

74
Q

What part of the inner ear function s in head movement?

A

Semicircular ducts

75
Q

What part of the internal capsule are you in if you see the thalamus?

A

Posterior limb of the internal capsule

76
Q

What region of the basal ganglia is affected in Parkinson’s disease?

A

Substantia nigra (degeneration)

77
Q

Hemorrhagic destruction of the contralateral subthalamic nuclei results in what disorder?

A

Hemiballismus (wild flailing movements)

78
Q

Slow writhing movements (athetosis) are caused by what?

A

Hypermyelinization of the corpus striatum and the thalamus (seen in cerebral palsy)

79
Q

Atrophy of the striatum the basal ganglia results in what?

A

Chorea (involuntary quick movements)

80
Q

What tracts are found in the genu of the internal capsule?

A

Corticobulbar tracts

81
Q

What tracts are found in the posterior limb of the IC?

A

Corticospinal
Spinothalamic
Dorsal Column
Thalamocortical

82
Q

What tracts are found in the anterior limb of the IC?

A

Thalamocortical tracts

83
Q

If warm water is placed in the right ear, what does the nystagmus look like?

A

Slow drift to the left and fast drift to the right (COWS = Cold Opposite Warm Same)

84
Q

What lesion causes a bitemporal hemianopsia?

A

Optic chiasm lesion

85
Q

What area of the brain is known as the motor speech area?

A

Broca’s area

86
Q

What does Meyer’s loop lesion cause?

A

Contralateral homonymous superior quadrantopia

87
Q

Blood supply to the head/neck area and the upper limb on a homunculus map in the cerebral cortex comes from what artery?

A

Middle cerebral artery

88
Q

What area of the brain is known for language comprehension?

A

Wernicke’s area

89
Q

Where is the lesion if the patient presents with a right homonymous inferior quadrantanopia?

A

Left upper loop lesion

90
Q

What region of the cerebellum is affected if a patient has dystaxia of the legs trunk during walking?

A

Anterior vermis (it is most commonly caused by chronic alcohol abuse.)

91
Q

Where is a lesion in a patient who presents with a broad-based gait, hypotonia, intention tremors, nystagmus, and ataxia?

A

Cerebellum

92
Q

What are the functions of the external auditory meatus?

A

Sound collection and protection of the tympanic membrane

93
Q

What is thefunction of the inferior colliculi?

A

To receive bilateral auditory input and arrange the input tonotopically

94
Q

If a patient presents with nystagmus, dystaxia, and hypotonia of the ipsilateral limbs, what area of the cerebellum is affected?

A

Hemisphere

95
Q

What lesion of the cerebellum is usually caused by an ependymoma or medulloblastoma, resulting in dystaxia of the trunk with an inability to maintain an upright posture?

A

Posterior vermis lesion

96
Q

What spinal cord injury results in flaccid paralysis and muscle atrophy?

A

Polio (bilateral ventral horn lesion)

97
Q

What spinal cord lesion results in a lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion at the level of the lesion and an upper motor neuron (UMN) lesion below the level of the lesion?

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) – Lou Gehrig’s disease

98
Q

What arterial occlusion would result in a loss of all tracts in the spinal cord except the dorsal columns?

A

Anterior spinal artery occlusion (posterior spinal artery supplies the dorsal columns)

99
Q

What spinal cord lesion results in a bilateral loss of pain and temperature at the level of the lesion?

A

Syringomyelia (VWC lesion)

100
Q

What spinal cord lesion causes a bilateral dorsal column loss below the level of the lesion?

A

Tabes dorsalis (neurosyphilis)

101
Q

What disease is associated with demyelination of the dorsal column, spinocerebellar tract, and corticospinal tract?

A

Subacute combine degeneration

102
Q

What arterial occlusion results in contralateral spastic hemisparesis, contralateral spastic lower face, and ipsilateral oculomotor palsy (dilated, ptosis, eye down and out)?

A

Posterior cerebral artery occlusion (ventral midbrain syndrome)

103
Q

What syndrome is associated with an ipsilateral UMN lesion below the level of the lesion, ipsilateral dorsal column loss at and below the level of the lesion , an LMN lesion at the level of the lesion, bilateral loss of pain and temperature at the level and contralateral below the level of the lesion, and Horner’s syndrome if it is above the level of C6?

A

Brown-Sequard syndrome (hemisection of the spinal cord)

104
Q

What arterial occlusion results in the following syndromes (Name artery and specific region.):
Contralateral spastic hemiparesis of the body

A

Vertebral artery–pyramid

105
Q

What arterial occlusion results in the following syndromes (Name artery and specific region.):
Contralateral loss of position and vibration

A

Vertebral artery–medial lemniscus

106
Q

What arterial occlusion results in the following syndromes (Name artery and specific region.):
Ipsilateral paralysis of the tongue

A

Vertebral artery–CN XII

107
Q

What arterial occlusion results in the following syndromes (Name artery and specific region.):
Ipsilateral limb ataxia

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery–inferior cerebellar peduncle

108
Q

What arterial occlusion results in the following syndromes (Name artery and specific region.):
Ipsilateral pain and temperature loss of the face

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery–spinal nucleus of CN V

109
Q

What arterial occlusion results in the following syndromes (Name artery and specific region.):
Contralateral pain and temperature of the body

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery–spinothalamic tract

110
Q

What arterial occlusion results in the following syndromes (Name artery and specific region.):
Nystagmus away from the lesion

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery–vestibular nuclei

111
Q

What arterial occlusion results in the following syndromes (Name artery and specific region.):
Ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery–descending autonomics

112
Q

What arterial occlusion results in the following syndromes (Name artery and specific region.):
Ipsilateral facial paralysis

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery–CN VII

113
Q

What arterial occlusion results in the following syndromes (Name artery and specific region.):
Deafness

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery–CN VIII

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