Neuro Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
A
- Controls personality and behaviour
2
Q
Where are the primary motor and sensory cortexes located and what separates them?
A
- Motor: Pre-central gyrus in frontal lobe
- Sensory: Post-central gyrus in parietal lobe
- Separated by central sulcus
3
Q
Where is Broca’s area located, what Brodmann area number is it, and what is its function?
A
- Frontal lobe
- 44
- Controls speech production
4
Q
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
A
- Controls memory, language comprehension and emotion.
5
Q
Where is Wernicke’s area located, what Brodmann area number is it and what is its function?
A
- Temporal lobe
- 22
- Speech comprehension
6
Q
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
A
Processes visual images via visual cortex
7
Q
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
A
Sense of touch, proprioception and numerical/written information.
8
Q
Where is the limbic lobe?
A
Hidden within the brain, around the corpus callosum. Defined by singulate and parahypacampal gryri.
9
Q
What are the tree-like structures within the cerebellum called?
A
Arbor vitae.
10
Q
What are the 2 fissures of the cerebellum called?
A
Primary and horizontal
11
Q
What are the 2 lobes of the cerebellum called?
A
- Posterior and anterior.
12
Q
What attached the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum?
A
The vermis.
13
Q
What is the function of the cerebellum?
A
Coordinate skeletal muscle movement/filter out errors to create the best response.
14
Q
What is the role of the superior peduncle?
A
- Connect cerebellum to midbrain.
- Receive information from the ventral spinocerebellar tract.
- Mainly efferent fibres.
15
Q
What is the role of the middle peduncle?
A
- Connect cerebellum to pons.
- Receive information from motor cortex (corticocerebellar fibres.)
16
Q
What is the role of the inferior peduncle?
A
- Connect cerebellum and medulla oblongata
- Receive information from the dorsal spinocerebellar tract and vestibulocerebellar tract.
17
Q
Which of the dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts are contralateral and ipsilateral?
A
- Dorsal: contralateral
- Ventral: ipsilateral
18
Q
What are mossy fibres?
A
Fibres from the pons via the middle cerebellar peduncle.
19
Q
What are climbing fibres?
A
Fibres from the olivary nucleus located in the medulla oblongata via the inferior peduncle.
20
Q
What are Purkinje cell axons?
A
Output to dentate nucleus via superior cerebellar peduncles where they decussate then to thalamus and red nucleus.
21
Q
What is the corpus callosum? What are its parts?
A
- Large bundle of white matter (commissural fibres) connecting the 2 hemispheres of the brain.
- Made up of rostrum, genu, body and splenium.
22
Q
What is the limbic system made up of?
A
Amygdala, hippocampus, fornix etc.
23
Q
What is the function of the amygdala?
A
Processes motivationally significant stimuli i.e. fear/reward. Emotion centre.
24
Q
What is the function of the hippocampus?
A
Long term memory formation
25
What makes up the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata?
```
Pons at the top.
Olives above pyramids.
Decussation of pyramids.
Postero-lateral sulcus (further out)
Ventro-lateral sulcus (towards medial side.)
```
26
What is the function of the primary motor cortex?
Generate nerve impulses that control execution of movement (i.e. first thought to move begins here.)
27
What is the function of the primary sensory cortex?
All sensory information from the body is processed here
28
What is the function of the primary visual cortex?
Receives and processes information from optic nerves.
29
What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?
Processed auditory information.
30
What is the blood supply to the cerebrum?
Anterior cerebral artery - front and middle, like chicken head.
Middle cerebral artery - majority of lateral part.
Posterior cerebral artery - majority of back of brain
31
What is the blood supply to the cerebellum?
Superior part: superior cerebellar artery.
| Inferior part: posterior and anterior inferior cerebellar arteries.
32
Where do vertebral arteries from the circle of Willis go on to?
They pass through transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae.
33
What does the anterior spinal artery supply?
Anterior part of the spinal cord.
34
What does the anterior choroidal artery supply?
The choroid plexus.
35
What do the pontine arteries supply?
The pons.
36
What does the opthalmic artery supply?
Structures of the orbit.
37
Where do Berry aneurysms occur?
Areas of weakness, particularly where branches come from the main circle of Willis. Get progressively larger until they burst --> subarachnoid or intracerebral haemorrhage.
- Often effects anterior communicating artery.
38
In which layer do arteries and veins which sit on the brain lie?
Subarachnoid space
39
What is the venous drainage of the brain?
Internal and external cerebral veins --> dural venous sinuses --> --> Internal jugular vein.
40
Where do the olfactory and optic nerves arise from?
Cerebrum
41
Where do the 3 - 12th cranial nerves arise from?
Brainstem
42
Which cranial nerves are parasympathetic?
3, 7, 9, 10.
43
List the cranial nerves.
- Olfactory
- Optic
- Occulomotor
- Trochlear
- Trigeminal
- Abducens
- Facial
- Vestibulocochlear
- Glossopharyngeal
- Vagus
- Accessory spinal
- Hypoglossal
44
- Olfactory nerve:
| Structures innervated, function and exit point from skull
- Olfactory epithelium.
- Olfaction (smell)
- Cribiform plate (of ethmoid bone.)
45
- Optic nerve:
| Structures innervated, function and exit point from skull
- Retina
- Vision
- Optic canal
46
- Occulomotor nerve:
| Structures innervated, function and exit point from skull
- Superior, middle and inferior rectus, inferior oblique and teratator palpebrae.
- Movement of eyeball.
- Papillary contrictor and ciliary muscles.
- Pupil diameter control.
- SOF
47
- Trochlear nerve:
| Structures innervated, function and exit point from skull
- Superior oblique.
- Movement of eyeball.
- SOF
48
What are the branches of the trigeminal nerve?
- Opthalmic
- Maxillary
- Mandibular
49
- Trigeminal nerve:
| Structures innervated, function and exit point from skull
- Opthalmic:
- Scalp, forehead, nose.
- Sensation
- SOF
- Maxillary:
- Cheek, upper lip, teeth, palate.
- Sensation
- Foramen rotundum
- Mandibular:
- Muscles of mastication
- Sensation/opening and closing mouth
- Foramen ovale
50
- Abducens nerve:
| Structures innervated, function and exit point from skull
- Lateral rectus.
- Movement of eyeball.
- SOF
51
- Facial nerve:
| Structures innervated, function and exit point from skull
- Anterior 2/3 of tongue
- Taste
- Muscles of facial expression
- Facial expression
- Lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual glands.
- Lacrimation and salivation.
- IAM
52
- Vestibulocochlear nerve:
| Structures innervated, function and exit point from skull
- Cochlea and vestibular apparatus
- Hearing and balance
- IAM
53
- Glossopharyngeal nerve:
| Structures innervated, function and exit point from skull
- Middle ear
- Sensation
- Posterior 1/3 of tongue
- Taste
- Stylopharyngeus
- Swallowing
- Parotid gland
- Salivation
54
- Vagus nerve:
| Structures innervated, function and exit point from skull
- Pharynx, larynx and external ear
- Sensation
- Thoracic and abdominal viscera
- Visceral sensation
- Pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles
- Speech and swallowing
- GI tract
- Control of it
- Jugular foreman
55
- Spinal accessory nerve:
| Structures innervated, function and exit point from skull
- Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
- Movement of head and shoulders
- Jugular foreman
56
- Hypoglossal nerve:
| Structures innervated, function and exit point from skull
- Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue.
- Movement of tongue.
- Hypoglossal canal.
57
What passes through the foramen rotundum?
2nd branch of trigeminal nerve (maxiallry branch)
58
What passes through the foramen ovale?
3rd branch pf trigeminal nerve (mandibular branch)
59
What passes through the foramen spinosum?
Middle meningeal artery
60
What passes through the foramen lacerum?
Nothing, but Internal carotid artery passes through carotid canal which is close.
61
What passes through the jugular foramen?
- Internal jugular vein
| - CN 9, 10, 11
62
What passes through the foramen magnum?
- Spinal cord
| - Vertebral arteries
63
What passes through the SOF?
- CN 3, 4, 1st branch of 5th, 6.
64
What passes through the optic canal?
- CN 2 (opthalmic)
| - Opthalmic artery
65
What passes through the internal acoustic meatus?
CN 7 and 8.
66
What passes through the ethmoidal foramen?
CN 1.
67
Describe the path of CSF in the brain
- Produced in the choroid plexuses (mainly lateral ventricles.)
- Pass from lateral to 3rd ventricles (via interventricular foramen - foramen of Munroe.)
- Then moves backwards into 4th ventricle (via cerebral aqueduct.)
- From 4th ventricle to subarachnoid space via foramen of Magendie and Luschka.
- Reabsorption occurs at arachnoid granulations.
- This then drains into venous sinus blood.
68
What are the layers of the cerebral meninges?
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid mater
- Pia mater
69
What are the 2 layers of the dua mater and what do they cover?
- Endosteal: Lines inside of skull.
| - Meningeal: Lines endosteal layer.
70
What layer are the dural venous sinuses in?
- Between endosteal and meningeal layer of dua mater.
71
What is the falx cerebri and how is it formed?
Dural fold of the dua mater which runs in the longitudinal fissure and separates right and left hemisphere.
72
What is the vasculature and innervation of the dua mater?
- Middle meningeal artery.
| - Trigeminal nerve.
73
Where is the superior sagittal sinus?
Where the falx cerebri attaches to the cranium.
74
Where is the inferior sagittal sinus?
The free border (bottom) of falx cerebri
75
What is the tentorium cerebelli?
Dura separating cerebellum from rest of brain. Creates a 'tent' over it.
76
Where is the straight sinus?
Between the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
77
What is the falx cerebelli.
Layer of dura the separates the hemispheres of the cerebellum
78
Where is the transverse sinus?
Between tentorium cerebelli and occipital bone.
79
Where is the cavernous sinus?
Lateral to body of sphenoid bone
80
What does the cavernous sinus contain and where?
Lateral side: Occulomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, opthalmic branch, maxillary branch.
Medial part: Carotid artery, abducens nerve.
81
What does the foramen of Megendie lead to?
Cerebellomedullary cistern
82
What does the foramen of Luschka lead to?
Pontine cistern
83
What is the space between the pia mater and arachnoid mater called?
Subarachnoid space
84
What is the blood-brain barrier made of?
- Endothelial cells of capillaries
- Basement membrane and pia mater
- Astrocytic end-feet (of brain.)
85
Where is an extradural haemorrhage?
Between skull and dura mater.
86
Where is a subdural haemorrhage?
Between dura and arachnoid
87
Where is a subarachnoid haemorrhage?
Between arachnoid and pia mater
88
Where is an intracerebral haemorrhage?
Within brain tissue
89
What is meningitis
Inflammation of the meningeal layers due to infection
90
What is the septa pellucida?
Thin, double layered covering separating the left and right ventricles. Between corpus callosum and fornix.
91
Which meningeal layers continue down the spinal cord?
All 3 - dua mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater.
92
What are the first 2 cervical vertebrae called and what is their role?
- Atlas and axis.
| - Atlas sits on the dens of axis and rotates on.
93
What are intervertebral discs made up of and what does each part consist of?
Withstand compression but allow movement.
- Annulus fibrosus on outside: 10 -12 concentric layers of collagen.
- Nucleus pulposus: Well hydrated gel with proteoglycan, collagen and cartilage cells.
94
What shape is the lumbar vertabra body?
Heart shaped.
95
What is uniwue about some cervical vertebra's spinous processes?
They are bifid (have 2 parts.)
96
What shape is the vertebral foramen of the cervical vertebrae?
Triangular.
97
How many of each foramina do the cervical vertebrae have?
- 1 vertebral
| - 2 transverse
98
Which additional processes do lumbar vertebrae have which the other types don't?
- Superior and inferior articular processes.
99
What is the floor of the 4th ventricle called and what is it made up of? What is it limited by laterally and posteriorly?
- Rhomboid fossa.
- Back of pons and medulla oblongata.
- Laterally: cuneate and gracile tubercles.
- Posteriorly: cerebellar peduncles.
