Neuro Anatomy Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
What are the frontal lobes responsible for
A
Volountary movement of contralateral part of body
Brocas area ,
Personality
Intellectual functioning
2
Q
Difference between CNS and PNS
A
CNS brain and spinal cord receives sensory input from pns
PNS - responsible for coordination, sympathetic and parasympathetic, nerves that arise from the brain and spinal cord
3
Q
What does rostral and caudal refer to
A
Rostral towards the nose
Caudal towards the tail
4
Q
What is included in white matter
A
myelin for insulation and axons, no cell body or synapses
5
Q
What is included in grey matter
A
where all the neurons and synapses are
6
Q
What are association fibres
A
axons that are connected within the same hemisphere
7
Q
What are comissural fibres
A
fibres that cross over from one hemisphere to the other via the corpus callosum
8
Q
What are projection fibres
A
fibres that go vertically from hemisphere to brain stem and back
9
Q
What is the hindbrain composed of
A
Rhombocephalon
medulla oblongata
Pons
Cerebellum
10
Q
Purpose of longitudinal fissure
A
seperates the hemispheres
11
Q
What is the occipital lobe responsible for
A
vision
Primary visual cortex
Colour determination
12
Q
What is the temporal lobe responsible for
A
Wernickes area comprehension of speech
Memory
Processing
13
Q
What is the parietal lobe responsible for
A
somatosensory, language and maths
Proprioception
Left for perception
Right for visuospatial functions
14
Q
What are the meninges
A
three layers of protective brain membrane
Inner most - pia mater
Second arachnoid
Outer layer is dura mater
15
Q
Importance of arachnoid mater
A
bag that contains cerebrospinal fluid
16
Q
What does the cerebellum do
A
responsible for coordination and balance
17
Q
What is the central sulcus
A
fissure separating the frontal from parietal lobes
18
Q
What is the lateral sulcus/ Sylvian fissure
A
large fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes
19
Q
What is the corpus callosum
A
bundle of white matter sending signals and connecting the two hemispheres
20
Q
What is the optic chiasma
A
where the optic nerves intersect
21
Q
Two layers of dura and their purpose
A
outer - lines the interior of the skull, sends blood vessels into cranial bones
Inner - envelops the CNS
22
Q
What is the brainstem made up from
A
Medulla pons
Midbrain
23
Q
Location and difference between brocas and wernickes area
A
brocas is the fluency of speech and is in frontal lobe
Wernickes comprehension of speech and is in posterior temporal lobe
24
Q
What is the falx cerebri
A
arched present of dura between the hemispheres
25
Blood supply to the brain
The anterior circuit is supplied by the internal carotid arteries
The posterior circuit is supplied by the vertebrobasilar system.
26
purpose of circle of willis1
Forms anastomotic connections between anterior and posterior cerebral circulations, provides arterial blood supply to the brain via several branches
27
why are dystroglycans
| and sarcoglycans used in a sarcolemma for
for structural support
28
Function of cerebrospinal fluid
Protection , cushion for the brain
Buoyancy , prevents excessive pressure on the base of brain
Chemical stability , creates an environment to allow for proper functioning
29
Where is csf made and transported
Produced in the choroid plexus and transported via ventricles
30
Names of the 4 ventricles
Left and right lateral
| Third and fourth ventricle
31
How are the lateral v and third v connected
By the foramen of monro or the interventricular foramen
32
How does the 4th v receive csf
From the 3rd v via cerebral aqueduct
33
Where does fluid drain from the 4th v
Central spinal canal
Luschke
Magente
34
What are ventricular cells lined by
Ependymal cells
35
How does csf drain
Arachnoid granulations
| Peripheral nerves to lymphatics
36
Two main arteries of the posterior circulation
Basillar artery
| Verterbral artery
37
Branches of the internal corotid artery and what they supply
Posterior communicating artery ,connecting vessel for the circle of willis
Anterior cerebral artery , supplies part of the cerebrum, anterior , superior and medial
38
Origin point of vertebral arteries
Foramen magnum
39
Branches of the vertebral arteries and what they supply
Anterior and posterior spinal arteries , supplies the spinal cord
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery supplies rhe cerebellum
40
Arteries within the circle of willis
```
Anterior cerebral
Middle cerebral
Internal corotid
Posterior cerebral
Connecting parts - anterior communicating artery, posterior communicating artery
```
41
What is fusiform gyrus important for
Object recognition
42
what fluid is the endolymph (SCALA MEDIA) filled with
high K+
43
what fluid is scala vestibuli and tympani mostly filled with
CSF, na+ rich
44
divisions of the forebrain
telencephalon
| diencephalon
45
where des the spinal cord start
until below the foramen magnum
| first spinal nerve
46
central sulcus
divided frontal and parietal lobe
47
parietal occipital sulcus
located deep and separate's the parietal and occipital lobe
48
what are the three layers of the tear film
anterior lipid
middle aqueous
posterior mucous
49
function of the pons
connection between cerebrum and cerebellum
50
Where does the medulla start
At the foramen magnum
51
Function of lateral corticospinal tract
Controls distal muscles such as thosw in hands
52
Function of anterior corticospinal tract
Proximal muscles such as the trunk
53
Function of cerebellum
Movement and balance
54
How are the two hemispheres of cerebellum connected
Via a vermis
55
Names most lateral cerebellar nuclei
Dentate
56
How is the pons and cerebellum conmected
Through cerebellar peduncles
| Middle
57
What is each cerebellar peduncle attached to
Superior , midbrain
Middle , pons
Inferior , medulla
58
Pathway of csf
Made in choroid plexus
Travels through lateral and medial v via the foramen of monroe to the 3rd v
Via cerebral aqueduct to the 4th ven
Exits the system via luschke and magente
59
Purpose of septum pelucidum
Seperates the two lateral ventricles
60
What supplies the lateral brain
Anterior cerebral artery
61
What supplies the medial brain
Middle cerebral artery
62
Main venous drainage of brain
Interbal cerebral vein drains into external then into dural sinuses
63
Structures that pass through cavernous sinus
```
Occulomotor
Trochlear
Opthalmoc
Maxillary
Carotid a
Abducens
Trochlear
```
64
Mneonic for function of each nerve
Some say marry money but my brother says big boobs matter more
65
Largest bundle of association fibres
Superior longitudinal fasoculus
66
What is a choroid fissure
A narrow cleft between the thalamus and the fornix via which blood vessels covered by pia invaginate the ependyma to form the choroid plexus
67
Blood supply to cerebellum
Three main arteries
Superior cerebellar
Anterior inferior
Posterior inferior
68
forward bend in the spinal cord
kyphosis
69
backwards bend in the spine
lardosis
70
how many of each vertebrae
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
71
what is conus medularis
the tapering end of a cord
72
what is the orbitofrontal cortex responsible for
appraisal
73
medial part of orbitofrontal cortex role is responsible for ?
reward centre
74
lateral part of orbitofrontal cortex role
punishment
| negative reward perception
75
role of ventral prefrontal cortex
reward related decision making
76
Where is the primary motor cortex
Frontal lobe
| In front of central sulcus
77
What makes up a neuron
Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
Synaptic terminal
78
Borders of the pre central Gyrus
Superior border is pre central sulcus
| Inferior border is central sulcus
79
Borders of post central gyrus
Superior is central sulcus
| Inferior is post central sulcus
80
How is brocas and wernickes area connected
Arcuate fasciculus
81
What does diencephalon include
Hypothalamus , thalamus
82
What does telencephalon include
Cerebral cortex and deep nuclei
83
What is the midbrain made up from
Mesencephalon
Divided into tectum
Paired cerebral peduncles
84
Blood supply to midbrain
Basilar artery and it’s branches
85
How is cerebellum separated from the brain
Via a tentorium cerebelli
| Fold of dura mater
86
Purpose of primary fissure in cerebellum
Separates anterior and posterior lobe
87
Structure of cerebellum
Two ovoid hemispheres connected via a vermis
Outer layer of grey matter , the cortex
Inner core of white matter , including deep nuclei
88
Blood supply to brocas
Left middle cerebral artery
89
Blood supply to the cerebellum
Posterior inferior cerebellar
Anterior inferior cerebellar
Superior cerebellar
90
Terminal branches of circle of Willis
Anterior choroidal
| Posterior cerebellar a
91
What joins the anterior cerebral arteries
Anterior communicating a
92
What joins the middle and posterior cerebellar artery
Posterior communicating a
93
What secretes csf
Empendymal cells
94
What artery supplies each lobe
Frontal - anterior cerebral
Temporal - lateral surface middle cerebral , inferior surface posterior cerebral
Parietal - middle cerebral
Occipital - posterior cerebral
95
Function of Dural venous sinuses
Venous blood drainage to the internal jugular
96
How do the paired cavernous sinus communicate
Anterior and posterior inter cavernous branch
97
Two layers of dura mater
Endosteal layer
| Inner meningeal layer
98
How does csf enter sinuses
Arachnoid granulations
99
Paired sinuses
Cavernous
Transverse
Superior and inferior petrosal sinus sphenoparietal
100
Unpaired sinuses
Straight
Occipital
Inferior and superior Sagittal
Intercavernous
101
Venous drainage of the brain
Superior cerebral - drain the superior surface
Middle cerebral vein. - drains lateral surface of each hemisphere
Inferior. - inferior aspect of each hemisphere
102
Most common location for berry aneurysm
Anterior cerebral artery
103
Clinical definition of berry aneurysm
A balloon like outpouching of the vessel wall
104
What are mossy fibres
Axons of dentate granule cells in the hippocampal region
105
What are climbing fibres
Terminals of the axons arriving from inferior olive neutrons
106
Pathway of medulla
Extends from the decussation of the great pyramids passes through foramen magnum to the inferior pontine sulcus
107
What is a pyramid
Elongated eminence marking the position of underlying fibres from the cerebral hemisphere to the cord
108
What is the midline of the medulla
Anterior median fissure
109
What are the olives of the medulla
Pair of swellings lateral to the pyramids
110
Function of intervertebral discs
Shock absorbers
| 360 movement
111
Parts of an intervertebral disc
```
Body
Pedicle
Transverse process
Spinous process
Articular process , sup and inf
Lamina
```
112
Two parts of an intervertebral disc
Nucleus pulposus surrounded by an annulus fibrosus
113
What is c1 also known as
Atlas
114
How do the vertebral arteries travel
Through foramen in transverse process of vertebral disc to foramen magnum to cranium
115
Distinctive feature if cervical disc
Small body , not supporting weight
| Foramen in transverse process
116
What can you feel at c7
Major spinous process
117
Distinguish features of thoracic veterbrae
Will link with ribs at 3 points
Small body heart shaped vertebral
Long spinous process
118
Distinguish features of lumbar vertebrae
Large body to withstand weight
| Process are shorter but wider
119
Distinguishing features of sacral vertebrae
They have all fused together
120
Where would you insert a lumbar puncture
L3/4
121
What is cauda equina
Spinal nerves from lower spinal cord that hang obliquely downwards
122
What is the tentorium cerebelli
Dura lying between the cerebellum and occipital lobes
123
Bones of the skull
```
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Nasal
Lacrimal
Mandible
```
124
Contents of anterior cranial fossa
Frontal crest
Crista galli
Cribriform plate
125
Innervation of cribriform plate
Olfactory
126
Contents of middle cranial fossa
Pituitary gland
Greater wings of sphenoid bone
Squamous and Petrous of temporal bones
127
Contents of posterior cranial fossa
Medulla pons midbrain
Occipital bone
Cilvus
128
Vasculature and innervation to dura mater
Middle meningeal artery
| Cn V
129
What would cerebellar damage look like
Uncoordinated movement
Tremors
Muscle spasm
