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Neuro Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Divisions of PNS

A

Somatic and autonomic

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2
Q

4 divisions of spinal cord superior to inferior

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral

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3
Q

Dorsal root stimulation

A

Sensory

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4
Q

Ventral root stimulation

A

Motor

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5
Q

What is the forebrain divided into

A

Telecephalon

Decephalon

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6
Q

Term for midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

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7
Q

Hindbrain division and what they include

A

Myelencephalon - medulla and pond

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8
Q

Purpose of thalamus

A

Relay structure

Specific nuclei

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9
Q

Purpose of hypothalamus

A

Homeostatis
Pleasure and sexual behavior
Hormonal control

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10
Q

Advantgea of ct over mri

A

Ct scan is quicker

Better to demonstrate bone calcification

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11
Q

Advantages of mri

A

No ionising radiation
Multiple planes possible
Excellent anatomical detail

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12
Q

Disadvantages of mri

A

Longer scan times
Noisy and claustrophobic
Strong magnwtic field

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13
Q

what do the extra ocular muscles do and where are they

A

muscles that control the movement of the eye

inside the orbit

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14
Q

4 elements of the blood brain barrier

A

Endothelial cell tight junctions
Lack of bm fenestrations
Astrocytic end feet
Pericytes

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15
Q

Purpose of lack of basement membrane fenestratiosn

A

Acts as a barrier

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16
Q

Purpose of astrocytic end feet

A

They regulate the permeability of the blood brain barrier

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17
Q

difference between CNS and PNS

A

CNA- Brain and spinal cord , collection of cell bodies in the CNS

PNS- nervous system outside the CNS

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18
Q

which nerves have parasympathetic fibers

A

oculomotor
faciAL
VAGUS
GLOSSOPHARANYGEAL

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19
Q

what is a nuclei

A

a collection of cell bodies within a nerve cell

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20
Q

role of olfactory nerve

A

sensory- smell
receptors in nasal cavity
axon bundles travel through cribriform plate

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21
Q

role of optic nerve

A

sensory nerve
fibres travel from the retina
nerve passes through optic canal
primary visual cortex

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22
Q

where do the LMN and UMN start

A

umn- higher centres and project down to meet Lmn

LMN- begin in brainstem or spinal cord and projects to the muscle

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23
Q

define motor unit

A

single alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

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24
Q

define motor pool

A

all lmn that innervate single muscle

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25
What is bottom up processing
Involved with sensation
26
What is a motor neuron
Carries information from brain or spinal cord and is involved in the regulation of activity in muscles
27
Function , modality and foramens of olfactory nerve cn1
Sensory and smell | Leaves via cribriform plate in the ethmoid bone
28
Function, modailty and foramen of optic and occulomotor nerve
Optic - sensory and vision, optic canal | Occulomotor - motor and 4 extrinsic eye muscles, levator palpebrae and pupillary sphincter, superior orbital fissure
29
Function , modality and foramen of trochlear nerve cn4
Superior oblique and motor | Superior orbital fissure
30
Function , modality and branches of trigeminal nerve
Opthalmic - scalp forehead and nose Maxillary - cheeks., lower eyelid, upperlip Mandible - anterior 2/3 of tongue Sensory and motor
31
Function modality of cn 6-8
6- abducens, lateral rectus , motor 7- facial , muscles of facial expression BOTH 8- vestibulocochlear hearing and balance SENSORY
32
Function and modality of cn 9 and foramen
9- glossopharyngeal , Sensory , tonsils , carotid sinus , middle ear Motor , stylopharangeus Parasympathetic parotid gland originates in medulla and LEAVES VIA THE JUGULAR FORAMEN
33
Is thr cortico brainstem spinal tract indirect or direct
Indirect
34
Compare dorsolateral and ventromerial tract
Both havw direct corticospinal and indirect via brainstem nuclei Dorsal innervate contrlaterally Dorsal projects to distal muscles Ventro to proximal muscles
35
What is the basal ganglia
Group of nuclei that are deep within cerebral hemispheres
36
compare autonomic and somatic system
Somatic is volountary Autonomic is conscious S- fibres do not synapse after they leave the cns A- fibres synapse at a ganglion after they leave the cns S - innervates skeletal muscle A- innervates smooth muscle cardiac cycle muscle
37
function of ANS
Thermoregulation, exercise, digestion, competition, sexual function
38
sympathetic functions of ANS
increase heart rate and force of contraction vasoconstriction bronchodilation decrease motility
39
parasympathetic functions of ANS
decrease heart rate and force of contraction no effect on blood vessels bronchoconstriction
40
what innervates the upper thorax
greater splanchic nerve
41
cranial nerves that are parasympathetic
oculomotor facial glossopharyngeal vagus
42
neurotransmitter in the enteric system
5HT
43
noradrenaline receptor types?
alpha 1 and 2 | beta 1 2 3
44
two subgroups of basal ganglia
striatum and globus pallidus
45
basics of parkinsions
increased muscle tone reduced movement not enough dopamine
46
basics of huntingtons
decreased muscle tone overshooting movements too much dopamine
47
synthesis of dopamine
synthesised by l- tyrosine with the enyzme tyrosine hydroloxase l - DOPA with DOPA decarboxylase to dopamine
48
dopamine receptors and how many
d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 | 5
49
function of basal ganglia
fine tuning of movements
50
features of UMN damage
Spasticity spastic weakness brisk reflexes positive babinski reflex
51
common causes of UMN damage
brain stem - strokes, tumours , demyelination | spinal cord- MS, cord compression, spinal cord , vit b12 deficiency
52
features of lower motor neurone damage
weakness- flaccid reduced tone muscle wasting absent deep tendon reflexes
53
Pathway of right vagus nerve
Anterior (infront) of subclavian artery and posterior to the sternoclavicular joint
54
Pathway of left vagus
Inferiorly between left common corotid and left subclavian arteries , posterior to the sternoclavicular joint
55
Function of trigeminal nucleus
Receives sensory info from the face
56
Function of nucleus ambigus
Motor nucleus for muscles of pharynx and larynx
57
Where is the ethmoid bone located
Roof to the nasal cavity | Helps to separate nasal cavity from cranial cavity
58
What makes up the ethmoid bone
Cribriform plate Perpendicular plate Ethmoidal Labyrinth
59
Foramen of branches of trigeminal
Ophthalmic , superior orbital fissure Maxillary foramen rotundum Mandible - Foramen ovale
60
What does the mandibular nerve innervate
Tensor tympani Tensor veli palatini Anterior 2/3 of tongue
61
Facial nerve functions
Motor , facial expression in face Sensory. Mouth and external ear Special sensory , taste , anterior 2/3 on tongue Parasympathetic , mucous glands , lacrimal glands , salivary glands excluding parotid .
62
Foramen of facial nerve
Leaves cranial vault via internal acoustic meatus and into face through stylo mastoid foramen
63
Foramen of vestibulocochclear nerve
Exits inner skull via internal acoustic meatus in the temporal bone
64
Function modality and foramen on cn X
Vagus Both Sensory , lungs , trachea and digestive tract Motor, laryngeal , pharanygeal neck muscles Parasympathetic , every organ above level of the colon except adrenal gland Leaves via the jugular foramen
65
Function modality and Forman of cn xi
Accessory Motor Innervates trapezius and STM jugular foramen
66
Function modality and foramen of cn12
Hypoglossal Motor Innervates intrinsic and extrinsic muscles Of the tongue Foramen magnum
67
6 bones of cranium
``` Frontal Ethmoidal Sphenoid Parietal Occipital Temporal ```
68
Structures that pass through superior orbital fissure
Cn3,4,6 and ophthalmic
69
Structures that pass through internal acoustic meatus
Facial n | Vestibulochcochlear n
70
Structures that pass through jugular foramen
Cn 9,10,11
71
What is a ganglion
A collection of cell bodies
72
Primary function of blood brain barrier
Providing selective nutrient passage Controlling fluid movement Protecting from toxins
73
How can permeability of blood brain barrier change
Inflammation Permeant molecules Impermeable molecules
74
Difference between alpha and gamma motor unit
Alpha , muscle contraction in voluntary movement | Gamma muscle contraction in response to external forces acting on the muscle
75
What muscle fibres attaches to tendons
Extrafusal fibres
76
What innervates Golgi tendon organ
Type 1 b fibres | Sensory fibres
77
What do tendons connect To
Bone
78
What are Golgi tendon organs a type of
Proprioceptors
79
What does GTO detect
Tension from muscle contraction
80
Type 1a stretch response
Synapse with and excite alpha motor neurone from the same muscle and cause contraction to help shorten it
81
Inverse stretch reflex
Inhibition of contracting muscle | Stimulation of agonist muscle
82
Type 2 stretch reflex
Synapse with and inhibit alpha motor neurones of the antagonistic muscle causing relaxation
83
Patellar reflex
``` Patella knocked Activates stretch receptors in knee 1a fibres from intrafusal fibres Synapse with motor neurone Cause immediate contraction of quadriceps ```
84
3 examples of fast neurotransmitters
Ach both excite and inhibit GABA inhibitory GLUT mainly excite
85
How is neuron resting potential maintained
3na+ are pumped out the cell for every. 2k+ in | Use of atp and na/k transport pumps
86
What provides insulation to axons in CNS
Oligodendrocytes
87
What produces a myelin sheath around neuronal axons in the PNS
Schwann cell
88
What does Saltatory conduction allow for
Myelin sheath insulated membrane Conduction between nodes of ranvier Faster conduction
89
Function of myelin
Made from glial cells Insulates the axon Stop it from decaying due to electrical current leaking through axonal membrane
90
5 steps in synaptic transmission
``` Manufacture Storage Release Interact with post synaptic receptors Inactivation ```
91
What can damage to myelin sheath cause
MS-scar tissue on myelin | Guillian barre syndrome -damage to pns myelin
92
Is a neuromuscular junction excitatory or inhibitory
Excitatory
93
What is spatial summation
Several presynaptic neurones release neurotransmitter to 1 post synaptic cleft
94
What is temporal summation
High frequency of action potentials in pre synaptic neuron
95
Slow neurotransmitter examples
Serotonin | Noradrenaline
96
What is a modulators neurotransmitter
Capable of affecting a larger number of neurons at the same time
97
Difference between somatic efferent and autonomic efferent
Somatic , single myelinated axon Only excitatory with ach Autonomic, preganglionic and post ganglionic Pre- ach Post - ach or nad
98
Main difference in terms of axons between sympathetic and parasympathetic ns
Symp- short preganglionc axon | Para- long preganglionic axon

Neuro (9 decks)

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