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Neuro Anatomy and Embryology Flashcards

Limbic System Cortex (126 cards)

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1
Q

What 4 things make up the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Brain

Spinal cord

Retina

CNII

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2
Q

What 3 things make up the peripheral nervous system?

A

Spinal and cranial nerves (except CNII)

Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

Somatic sensory and somatic motor nerves

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3
Q

Name the 2 main cell types in the nervous system

A

Neurons (nerve cells)

Neuroglia (Glial cells)

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4
Q

Describe 3 things about nerve cells

A

Structural and functional units of the body

Afferent (sensory), efferent (motor), interneurons (e.g. reflex)

Rapid communication across synapses by neurotransmitters

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5
Q

Describe the basic structure of a nerve cell

A

Dendrite –> cell body (soma) –> axons –> axon terminal

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6
Q

Describe 3 things about neuroglia (glial cells)

A

5x more abundant

Support, nourish, insulate the neurons

Non-neural/non-excitable cells

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7
Q

Name the 4 types of neuroglia in the central nervous system

A

Oligodendrocytes

Astrocytes

Microglia

Ependymal cells

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8
Q

Name the 2 types of neuroglia in the peripheral nervous system

A

Satellite cells

Schwann cells

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9
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Help myelinate nerve and provide structural framework

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10
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A

Maintain the blood brain barrier

Recycle neurotransmitter

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11
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

Remove waste and pathogens by phagocytosis

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12
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

Line the ventricles (spaces) in the brain and spine

Help produce CSF

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13
Q

What is the function of satellite cells?

A

Help regulate nutrient and neurotransmitter levels around the nerves

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14
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells?

A

Myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system

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15
Q 
Match these 4 words together: 
Sensory 
Motor 
Efferent 
Afferent
A

Sensory - Afferent

Motor - Efferent

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of afferent (sensory) input into a spinal nerve?

A

Somatic sensory (somatic tissues)

Visceral sensory (organs and vessels)

Special visceral sensory (e.g. taste)

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of efferent (motor) output from a spinal nerve?

A

Somatic motor (skeletal muscle)

Branchio-motor (pharyngeal arch muscle)

Visceral/Autonomic motor (organs and vessels)

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18
Q

In embryology, what forms the nervous system?

A

Ectodermal neural plate

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19
Q

When does the ectodermal neural plate appear?

A

Week 3

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20
Q

Briefly describe neural tube folding

A

Edges of neural plates fold and lift away from the ectoderm to approach the midline.

The cervical region folds first, then moving up to cranial and caudal ends.

Open ends form caudal and cranial neuropores

The closed neural arches form the neural tube

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21
Q

Which supplement prevents 70% of neural tube defects?

A

Folic acid

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22
Q

What 2 birth defects can be caused by incomplete closing of the cranial neuropore?

A

Anencephaly

Meroanencephaly

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23
Q

What birth defect can be caused by incomplete closing of the caudal neuropore?

A

Spina bifida

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24
Q

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles (week 4)?

A

Prosencephalon

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon

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25
What are the 5 secondary brain vesicles (week 6)?
Telencephalon Diencephalon Mesencephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon
26
How are the primary and secondary brain vesicles related?
Prosencephalon - ->telencephalon - -> diencephalon Mesencephalon -->mesencephalon Rhombencephalon - ->metencephalon - ->myelencephalon
27
In the adult brain, what is formed out of the telencephalon and diencephalon?
Cerebral hemispheres Thalamus (telencephalon) Hypothalamus (diencephalon)
28
In the adult brain, what is formed out of the mesencephalon?
Midbrain
29
In the adult brain, what is formed out of the metencephalon and myelencephalon?
Cerebellum and pons (metencephalon) Medulla (myelencephalon)
30
What is a gyrus?
Raised part of the cerebrum
31
What is a sulcus?
Sunken part of the cerebrum
32
What is the corpus callosum?
White matter tract that links the right and left hemispheres
33
What is the corona radiata?
White matter structure that comes off the corpus callosum
34
Which 2 lobes does the central sulcus separate?
Frontal and parietal
35
Name the 5 lobes of the brain
Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Insula
36
Where is the pre-central gyrus?
Immediately anterior to the central sulcus
37
Why is the pre-central gyrus important? Where does it sit?
Primary motor cortex of the cerebrum Posterior portion of the frontal lobe
38
Why is the post central gyrus important? Where does it sit?
Primary somatosensory cortex Anterior portion of the parietal lobe
39
What is the fissure superior to the temporal lobe?
Lateral sulcus | Sylvian Fissure
40
Where can you find the superior, middle and inferior temporal gyri?
Temporal lobe
41
Where is the insula?
Hidden deep in the lateral sulcus
42
What is the insula responsible for?
Higher pain processing Language processing Emotion
43
Where would you find the primary visual cortex
In the occipital lobe Above and below the calcarine sulcus
44
What is the cingulate gyrus responsible for?
Higher autonomic control e.g.: Bladder control Respiratory rate Heart rate
45
Which Brodmann area is the primary motor cortex?
4
46
Which Brodmann area is the pre-motor cortex?
6
47
What does the primary motor cortex do? | Brodmann 4
Controls contralateral body motor functions
48
What does the pre-motor cortex do? | Brodmann 6
Motor programme retrieval
49
Which Brodmann area is the primary somatosensory cortex?
1
50
What does the primary somatosensory cortex do? | Brodmann 1
(Post-Central Gyrus) | Receives contralateral sensory input from the body (including taste)
51
Which Brodmann area is the primary visual cortex?
17
52
What does the primary visual cortex do? | Brodmann 17
Receives contralateral visual field information from both eyes
53
Which Brodmann area is the primary auditory cortex?
41
54
What does the primary auditory cortex do? | Brodmann 41
Receives bilateral auditory sensory input
55
What 4 functions are specific to the left side of the brain?
Bilateral audio Speech Writing Language
56
What 3 functions are specific to the right side of the brain?
Bilateral audio Spatial perception Facial recognition
57
What is contained in the cortex of the brain (in terms of cells)?
Cell bodies It is an outer covering of grey matter
58
What is white matter?
Myelinated axons that connect to other regions of the brain/spinal cord Sits deeper in the brain
59
What are ventricles?
Cerebrospinal fluid filled chambers within the subcortical regions of the brain. Situated in proximity to multiple nuclei and functional regions of the brain. Produce CSF via choroid plexus.
60
What is a nucleus in the CNS?
A collection of neuronal cell bodies at a point of synapse | that share a similar function and projection
61
Describe the thalamus
(Left and right) is a collection of nuclei with multiple functions
62
Name the 3 basal ganglia (nuclei)
Putamen Caudate Globus pallidus
63
What makes up the lentiform nucleus?
Putamen and Globus pallidus | basal ganglia
64
What makes up the striatum?
Putamen and caudate nucleus | basal ganglia
65
What is synaesthesia?
A combination of senses that provides an unusual interpretation
66
What is prosopagnosia?
The inability to recognise faces
67
Where are association fibres found?
Within a hemisphere
68
Where are commissural fibres found?
Between hemispheres
69
Where are projection fibres found?
To the brainstem/spinal cord
70
Give an example of commissural fibres
Corpus callosum
71
What does Wernicke's area do? | Brodmann 22
Understanding/interpreting heard, spoken and written word
72
What is a fasciculus?
bundle of fibres sharing a similar function and route of travel
73
Where do CN I and CN II arise from?
The forebrain
74
Where do CN III - CNX, CN XII arise from?
The brainstem
75
Where does CN XI arise from?
Brainstem Spinal cord (C1-5)
76
What 3 regions make up the brainstem?
Midbrain Pons Medulla
77
Which 2 vessels are the major blood supply to the brain?
Internal carotid arteries Vertebral arteries
78
What are the 2 dural layers in the brain?
Periosteal layer (thick, on top) Meningeal layer
79
What are the 3 meningeal layers of the CNS?
Dura Arachnoid Pia mater
80
Where is the dural venous sinus?
Between the 2 layers of dura
81
Describe 2 things about the dural venous sinus
Blood from CNS drains to these sinuses Sinuses are valveless and endothelial lined
82
What is the role of the posterior parietal cortex?
To integrate sensory input Control perception of contralateral body/environment
83
How can damage to the posterior parietal cortex present?
Hemispatial neglect
84
Which cortices are located in the medial occipital/temporal lobe?
Facial recognition Colour recognition Shape recognition
85
What is prosopagnosia?
Inability to recognise faces
86
What is the inability to recognise faces known as?
Prosopagnosia
87
What is achromatopsia
Inability to recognise colours
88
What is the inability to recognise colours known as?
Achromatopsia
89
What is associative agnosia?
Sees object but does not recognise/distinguish
90
What is apperceptive agnosia
Fail to perceive/see and object
91
Which are of the cortex is damage if the patient presents with associative and apperceptive agnosia?
Brodmann area 18 (anterior to the primary visual cortex)
92
What cerebral artery supplies hearing, speech, and language areas?
Middle cerebral artery
93
Draw out the blood supply to the brain
Draw
94
Draw out the blood supply to the brain with CN nuclei
Draw
95
Where is the zone of aphasia?
Left sided dominant function, each side of the Sylvian fissure
96
What is Broca's area responsible for?
Motor speech
97
How would damage to Broca's area present?
Content correct, but slow or missing words, can be slow or disjointed speech
98
What is Wernickes area responsible for?
Comprehension of speech
99
How would damage to Wernicke's area present?
Receptive aphasia Content incorrect, but speech fluent. Motor in tact, but speech makes no sense
100
What is the angular gyrus responsible for?
Reading and writing
101
Where is the angular gyrus located?
Angle of posterior lateral fissure
102
What is a fasciculus?
Bundle of fibres sharing a similar function and route of travel
103
Describe the somatic organisation of the internal capsule, from anterior to posterior
Anterior - descending fibres Genu - motor to the head Posterior limb - Motor to arm + leg Posterior portion of posterior limb - sensory, vision and hearing
104
What arteries supply the striatum and internal capsule?
Lateral and medial striate, and anterior choroidal artery Comes of the ICA before the Circle of Willis
105
Where do the anterior and posterior choroidal arteries come from?
Anterior - branch off the ICA at/just before the circle of willis Posterior - branch off the PCA
106
What does the anterior choroidal artery supply?
Thalamus Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus (internal and external) Optic tract Lateral geniculate body Posterior limb of internal capsule Limbic system
107
Describe the limbic system
Many of the structures form a ring around the diencephalon (thalamus + hypothalamus) Involved in sensations of emotions, visceral responses to emotion, memories
108
What is the Papez circuit?
The route of the flow of information within the limbic system
109
Write out the Papez circuit
Cingulate gyrus --> Hippocampus --> fornix --> mammillary bodies --> anterior thalamic nucleus -->cingulate gyrus
110
What would happen if the Papez circuit was disrupted?
Affect memory, response to memory or emotions
111
What is the function of the hippocampus?
Memory formation and recall
112
Where is the hippocampus located?
Inferomedial temporal lobe Near the brainstem
113
What is the blood supply to the hippocampus?
Posterior cerebral artery
114
How might damage to the hippocampus present?
Anterograde amnesia No new memory formation Still able to recall long term memories
115
What are the 2 types of long term memory?
Declarative/explicit Procedural/implicit
116
Describe Korsakoff's Psychosis
Mammillary and thalamic damage due to thiamine (Vit B1) deficiency Metabolic damage/alcohol abuse
117
How would Korsakoff's Psychosis present?
Antegrade amnesia Often retrograde amnesia Confabulation - insertion of fabricated memories of long term events into current conversation Hallucinations
118
What is the anterior portion of the cingulate gyrus responsible for?
Autonomic area: Cardiorespiratory and digestion, visceral response to emotion Bladder control Emotional modulation of pain
119
What is the posterior portion of the cingulate gyrus responsible for?
Vocal area controlling appropriate sentence construction Memory, cognition
120
What is the role of the amygdala?
Controls emotions, responses and systems
121
Name some inputs to the amygdala
Visual and auditory Sensory from body Solitary tract Olfactory and limbic system Hypothalmic
122
Name some outputs from the amygdala
Hypothalamus Hippocampus Multiple areas of the cortex
123
Which branch of CN VII detects taste from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?
Chorda tympani | Branch given off in the facial canal
124
What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome? What are some of its symptoms?
Bilateral damage to the amygdala ``` Docile Lack of fear Increased appetite Hypersexual Exploratory behaviour with hands/mouth ``` Visual agnosia
125
Which areas of the limbic system are associated with sexual and orgasm sensations?
Septal and Accumbens Nuclei
126
Apart from sexual pleasure, what also stimulates the septal and accumbens nuclei?
Amphetamine and cocaine

Block 3 (14 decks)

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