Neuro and Cardio Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
Lesions in the BRAIN STEM and SPINAL CORD cause ipsilateral or contralateral signs?
A
Brain stem and spinal cord lesions cause IPSILATERAL signs.
2
Q
Contralateral signs happen where there is a lesion where?
A
CEREBRAL CORTEX
3
Q
Which nerve tests the Patellar Reflex?
A
FEMORAL NERVE
4
Q
Which nerve tests FLEXOR WITHDRAWAL?
A
SCIATIC NERVE
5
Q
Which nerve tests BLADDER AND ANAL TONE?
A
PUDENAL Nerve
6
Q
If an animal cross extensor reflex in LATERAL recumbency is it normal or abnormal?
A
ABNORMAL. It means the patient has UMN signs
7
Q
Menace response tests nerves….
A
2 & 7
8
Q
Pupillary Light Reflex tests nerves…
A
2 & 3
9
Q
Hypokalemia causes ______
A
Ventroflexion
10
Q
Small, firm, frequently empties, easy to palpate bladder
A
UMN
11
Q
What drugs should be used to treat an UMN bladder?
A
Phenoxybenzamine and Prazosin
12
Q
Where is the lesion if an UMN bladder is present?
A
Lesion cranial to L3
13
Q
Largem flaccid, not frequently expressed because its just filling up bladder.
A
LMN
14
Q
What drugs should be used to treat LMN bladder?
A
Bethanecol and PPA
15
Q
Where is the lesion if a LMN bladder is present
A
Lesion caudal to L3
16
Q
C1- C5
A
UMN in all 4 legs
17
Q
C6-T2
A
LMN in front UMN in rear
18
Q
T3-L2
A
Normal in front UMN in rear
19
Q
L3-S3
A
Normal in front LMN in rear
20
Q
Lesion at T1: Miosis(constricted pupil), Ptosis(droppy eyelid), 3rd eyelid prolapse and Enopthalmos(sunken eye) are all clinical signs associated with what?
A
Horner’s Syndrome Cats with ear issues.
21
Q
Commonly caused by trauma with LMN signs to one limb.
A
Peripheral nerve injury
22
Q
Treatment for peripheral nerve injuries
A
Glucocorticoids & Physiotherapy. No improvement after 6 mths = amputate
23
Q
Trauma that abducts(move limb away from midline) front limb.
A
Brachial Plexus Avulsion Can see Horner’s syndrome. Lesion at T1
24
Q
A lesion at C8-T1 can cause loss of which reflex?
A
Panniculus Reflex
25
Best indicator of complete recovery with Brachial Plexus Avulsion.
Pain = good prognosis
26
Treatment for Brachial Plexus Avulsion
Protect the limb and physiotherapy. No improvement within 6 months= amputate
27
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath tumors in the caudal cervical area cause this condition in one limb.
Nerve Root/ Peripheral Nerve Neoplasia
28
Hyperesthesia(exaggerated sensation) with limb palpation or manipulation.
Root Signature.
29
How do you make a definitive Dx of a nerve root/peripheral neoplasia?
Histopathology
30
What is the best treatment for all tumors?
Surgical resection
31
T/F: recurrence is common with nerve root neoplasia so you have to eventually amputate limb.
TRUE
32
Most commonly effects large breed dogs, miniature schnauzers and cats in the neck region and is NOT PAINFUL.
Fibrocartilaginous Emboil Hurts when it first happens but not painful after the fact.
33
Condition that occurs after or during exercise and is non progressive.
Fibrocartilaginous Emboli
34
T/F: If LMN signs are seen in dogs with FCE, then most don't improve.
TRUE
35
Definitive diagnosis for FCE?
MRI
36
Treatment for FCE
Dexmethasone and physical therapy
37
Dragging back legs but still have some motion.
Parapesis
38
No voluntary motor activity
Paraplegia
39
What condition is characterized by being slowly progressive mostly in German Shepards. Starts with UMN signs then LMN signs(bad). NOT PAINFUL. NO treatment.
Degenerative Myelopathy
40
How would you diagnose degenerative myelopathy?
Histo
41
A progressive PAINFUL condition that involves both HIND limbs and is seen in large breed working dogs.
Lumbosacral malarticulation-malformation/ cauda equina
42
What nerve are effected in lumbosacral malarticulation-malformation/cauda equina?
LMN signs in SCIATIC/PUDENDAL
43
Pseudohyperreflexia is caused by damage to what nerve.
SCIATIC
44
How would you treat lumbosacral malformation/ cauda equine?
Dorsal laminectomy but surgery does nothing for incontinence. NSAIDS have poor results.
45
Diagnostic of choice for lumbosacral/cauda equine.
MRI/CT
46
Non-chondrodysplatic dogs have ______ replacement with aging.
Fibrocartilage
47
Chrondrodysplastic breeds have \_\_\_\_\_\_replacement with aging.
Hyaline
48
Acute version of disc prolapse that occurs inchondrodysplastic breeds.
Hansen Type I
49
Chronic version of disc prolapse that occurs in large breed dogs at T11-L2.
Hansen Type II
50
How would you diagnose Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disk Disease?
Myelography
51
What two drugs should you not give together?
Prednisolone and NSAIDs
52
What do we grade a patient that has paralysis with NO DEEP PAIN diagnosed with TLIVDD?
Grade 5 . Treat with dorsal hemilaminectomy.
53
Infection of disc cartilage at the end plates.
Diskospongylitis
54
What bacteria is the most important cause of discospondylitis?
Staph
55
What signs would you see with discospondylitis?
Hyperesthesia(exaggerated sensitivity), neuro signs because of spinal cord compression
56
Definitive diagnose for Diskospondylitis
radiographs but only 4-6 weeks post infection so do culture and histo b/c Ddx is tumors.
57
Infection of vertebrae
Spondylitis
58
Hour glass shape neoplasia
Intramedullary
59
Golf tee sign neoplasia
Intradural-Extramedullary
60
Most common kind of spinal neoplasia. On side devotion towards lumen. Osteo-, chondro- and fibrosarcomas.
Extradural
61
Most common tumor primary tumor in the brain of dogs
Meningioma
62
Most common tumor in the spinal cord of dogs.
Hemangiosarcomas
63
Extradural lymphosarcomas are usually in what species?
Cats
64
Best diagnostic tool for localization of a neoplasia in the spinal cord?
MRI/CT
65
What spinal cord segments are involved in a "tail tug"
L7-S1
66
Stiff front legs because of lack of inhibitory neurons going from back legs to front legs is termed...
Schiff-Sherrington Occurs with vertebral fractures and laxations.
67
What is the best dx tool for dx'ing vertebral fractures and laxations?
MRI- so you know exactly where you need to do surgery
68
Treatment for tail tug
Amputate tail and give phenoxybenzamine
69
What would you use to tx spinal cord edema?
mannitol
70
T/F: if injury is older than 4 hours and there is no deep pain then surgery won't help and there is a grave prognosis
TRUEc
71
dCondition that occurs via a lesion of C5-C7 in older Dobies and younger Great Danes.
Wobbler's - Cervical Spondylomyelopathy
72
Congential heart disease that is commonly seen as a Left-Right shunt that causes ECCENTRIC hypertophy. You can hear a machine/water hammer continuous murmur. Can be fixed by closing off with umbilical type.
Patent Ductus Arteriosis
PDA
73
What type of shunt in PDA would we see blue MM in the back of the animal i.e the vagina?
Right - Left shunt in PDA
74
This congential heart disease affects large breed dogs and causes CONCENTRIC hypertrophy.
Using a doppler can tell us the severity of the disease.
Aortic Stenosis
75
This congential heart disease affects beagles, bulldogs, chihuahas, and spanials. It caused concentric hypertrophy of the right ventricles. If you do a balloon valvuloplasty the animal could have a good prognosis.
EKG will show VPDs.
Pulmonic Stenosis
76
This congenital heart disease that can be seen in cats and is characterized by a **"hole in the heart".**
If the murmur is loud that means the hole is small which means a better prognosis and no treatment necessary.
Ventricular Septal Defect
77
This congenital defect is found in **Keeshonds** and **Bulldogs**. It causes the **MM to be blue in the front** and pink in the back.
It consists of pulmonic stenosis, ocerriding aorta, VSD, and enlarged right ventricle.
Tetralogy of Fallot
78
This congenital defect can cause regurgiation in cats and large breed dogs because of dysplasia of the valves/muscles of the heart.
AV Valve Insuffiency
79
This congential heart disease is found in **german shepards.** At 3 months you can see VPDs, VTs, and sudden death. If caught early can be treated with SOTALOL + Mexilitene till 18 months.
Inhertied Ventricular Arrhythmia
80
This cardiomyopathy causes sudden death in Dobermans. Causes decreased contractility and VPDs and left sided CHF. You can diagnoses with an ultrasound because the ventricles are enlarged and flappy.
DCM
81
How would you treat DCM?
Furosemide for the edema
Pimobendan to improve contractility
ACE to blunt RAAS response
82
This cardiomyopathy in cats is caused by a taurine deficiency.
DCM
83
This cardiomyopathy is the most common in cats especially seen in middle aged **mainecoon** and ragdolls.
It will have **CONCENTRIC** hypertropy(increased cells, reduced chamber).
Signs include rear limb **lameness** and paralysis.
HCM
84
What causes the lameness and paralysis in cats with HCM?
Thromboembolism
85
How can we treat the thromboembolisms in cats with HCM?
Heparin
DO NOT USE ASPIRIN
86
**VPDs** are seen with this cardiomyopathy in **Boxers.**
ARVC of Boxers
87
How would we treat a Boxer with ARVC that has VPDs over 1000/day?
Sotalol
88
This cardiomyopathy seen in King Charles Spainels, and has thickened chordae tendonae that can rupture.
\*\*The cardiac output is normal in these dogs despite have increased contractility\*\*
The dogs are usually happy and normal with a cough.
Myxomatous Atrioventricular Valve Disease
89
Dump: What is used to treat pulmonary edema?
Furosemide
