Shell and Koster Flashcards
(414 cards)
1
Q
What 2 antibiotics can we use to treat Giardia?
A
Fenbendazole and Metronidazole
2
Q
Are we able to differentiate between a natural infection and vaccine induced antibodies with the C6 Snap Test?
A
Yes ma’am we can
3
Q
Adopted a cat from the shelter. Unknown vaccination history. FeLV positive on IFA at vet visit. What does this mean?
A
IFA looks for antigens in WBCs = persistant infection, so cat is likely infected lifelong.
4
Q
With Addisons an ECG will show bradycardia and …
A
prolonged or absent P waves due to hyperkalemia
5
Q
What test do we use to diagnose Lepto?
A
Microscopic Agglutination Test
Need a 4 fold increase in titers over 2-4 weeks. 800= indicates active disease >3200= positive disease unless dog was vaccinated within the last 6 weeks
6
Q
Billy has a 3cm, non invasive adrenal tumor without mets. What to do?
A
Adrenalectomy
7
Q
If an animal is infected with Mycoplasma hemocanis at the time of a splenectomy what type of anemia can occur?
A
Acute severe hemolytic anemia following a splenectomy.
8
Q
What if a cute little Oualie dog comes in that tested positive for Lyme but isn’t showing any signs. Do we treat him?
A
NO!
Because 90-95% of dogs will not have signs of disease.
9
Q
I am a virus that is transmitted in blood and saliva. I love in infect sweet innocent kittens. Kittens can get me by grooming each other and eating out of the same bowl. They test me for my ANTIGENS. Who am I?
A
FeLV Feline Leukemia Virus
10
Q
How long does it take for the unknowing little pup to develop clinical signs for Lyme disease?
A
2-5 months
11
Q
If some lady comes in and wants an ELISA test on a dog that just had ticks on him today and has never been tested for Lyme, will it be helpful?
A
No it will not. Because we need a few months before we are able to detect the antigens on an ELISA test.
12
Q
T/F: Oriental or “Fancy” breeds are protected from hyperthyroidism
A
TRUE TRUE TRUE So when you are given a signalment to choose from do not pick a Siamese, Persian or fancy cat as a hyperthyroid cat!!!
13
Q
What does the replication of Rickettsiae cause?
A
Vasculitis & Necrosis which leads to Albumin leaking out of vessels therefore edema.
14
Q
What will you see in a serum biochem from a patient with DM?
A
Hyperglycemia, elevated liver enzymes
15
Q
Clicker: All these dogs have low [T4]. Select the typical signalment and history for canine hypothyroidism.
A. 3 yo female poodle with reduced appetite and PU/PD
B. 12 yo mini schnauzer with pot bell, alopecia, and calcinosis cutis
C. 6yo beagle with hypotricohosis and reduced activity
D. 3yo greyhound with bradycardia
A
C. Middle aged dogs with hypotrichosis and reduced activity
16
Q
How do people become infected with Toxo?
A
Inhaling fecal matter from the litter box and eating meat contaminated with Toxo.
17
Q
What do we use to treat Valley Fever?
A
The conazole sisters
18
Q
What form of thyroxine is biologically active and not bound to a protein?
A
fT4
19
Q
How do we treat a thyroid storm in cats with hyperthyroidism?
A
Beta blockers and products to prevent conversion of T4-T3
20
Q
Core vaccines for Dogs
A
Parvo, Hepatitis, Rabies, Distemper
21
Q
What can be administered to counteract the elevated hyperkalemia and is also known as a cardio protectant?
A
Ca gluconate
22
Q
How would we treat Helicobacteria?
A
Triple Therapy
2 antibiotics(amoxicillin and metronidazole) plus 1 secretory(famotidine, ranitidine or omeprazole)
23
Q
Which has more of a bleeding problem E. Canis or RMSF?
A
E. canis
24
Q
What will we see in hypothyroid thyroid gland using scintigraphy?
A
Hypothyroid gland will have decreased uptake of the contrast medium.
Healthy thyroids will take up all of it. We could see that one thyroid is smaller than the other.
25
I ate poop with Giardia in it I'm pretty sure. What exactly would I have to eat to get infected?
Cysts
26
Why do we need to do urine cultures when we suspect Cushings?
UTIs
27
Hyperthyroid cats have a increased or decreased uptake of pertechnetate compared to salivary glands when using scintigraphy?
Hyperthyroid cats have an increased uptake compared to salivary glands.
28
What infectious diease is least likely to cause lameness?
Coccidiomycosis
Borrelia
Babesia
Babesia
29
Signalment for Addisons
Young- middle aged. With PU/PD, Waxing and Waning signs.
30
3rd most common cause of hypercalcemia.
Hypoadrenocorticism
31
What is another test that we use to make a Dx of cytauxzoon?
PCR
32
Early sign of a vaccine reaction
Mild swelling, local irritation, resolves in days to weeks
33
This mean ole surface protein will end up in the salivary gland of the tick.
OspC
34
My name is Lepto and I really like to destroy endothelial cells and cause the blood vessels to leak. We call that vasculitis. What protein do I make leak out of the vessels.
Albumin
35
Does botulism cause flaccid or rigid paralysis?
Botulism causes flaccid paralysis.
36
What is the normal reference range of glucose nadir?
90-120
37
What drug do we avoid for treatment of Heptozoonosis?
AVOID corticosteriods
Use NSAIDS.
38
How do we treat Toxo?
CNS signs - Sulfa drugs - cross the BBB
No CNS signs - Clindamycin
39
What could you do to differentiate between Nocardia and Actinomyces in a stain?
Nocarida is acid fast so acid fast stain that shit.
40
Zoonotic bacteria that causes LARGE bowel diarrhea, tensesmus(straining) and can be diagnosed in a fecal smear by the presence of "seagulls".
Campylobacteria
41
What does the FeLV ELISA test check for ?
Free soluble FeLV p27 ANTIGEN
42
Where does the rabies virus replicate?
1. Myocytes -\> to NMJ of CNS-\> migrates to salivary glands
2. Spinal cord
43
Can lyme disease cause renal failure?
Yea buddy
44
I am a vaccine that is more pure like a virgin. Not a whole antigen and not alive.
Recombinant/ Subunit
45
How does Methimazole work in the treatment of hyperthyroidism?
Inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis by blocking incorporation of iodine. Reversible. Used to stabilize patient before Iodine therapy.
46
Name the 5 P's that are associated with Cushings.
1. Panting
2. PU
3. PD
4. PP
5. Potbelly
47
What form of Distemper causes shedding of the virus?
Systemic form
48
What viral infection causes myoclonus, nasal and ocular discharge, pustular dermatitis, and hard pad?
Canine Distemper
49
What do glucocorticoids, phenobarbital and sulfonamides do in hypothyroid patients?
Alter plasma protein binding or directly inhibit pituitary release of TSH.
50
If we do a urinalysis on a Lyme positive dog and his urine protein creatinine ratio is elevated but he is not showing signs, do we treat him?
Yes. We treat dogs that are positive for proteinuria and Lyme.
51
Hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia is termed...
Somogyi Effect
Decrease insulin by 25-50% then reassess
52
Lepto shares the same hemogram as what other infectious disease?
Rickettisia diseases.
Pancytopenias for them two.
53
What test is used to rule out hypothyroidism?
TT4
54
What is the drug of choice for the treatment of Lyme?
Doxycycline.
Because of co-infections with Rickettsial disease.
55
How do I know if a dog is shedding Lepto in the environment?
If the hepatic and renal enzymes are increased in an acutely sick dog, he is the SHEDDER
56
Clicker: Which is a screening test for hypothyroidism?
TT4
57
Gold standard for hyperthyroid diagnosis (but not often used)
T3 suppression test
58
What type of Babesia is found in pitbulls and can be spread via dog fights. It causes hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and vasculitis because Babesia infects RBCs.
B. gibsoni
59
Adrenal dependent tumors cause an increase in what hormone?
Increase in cortisol
60
How do we Dx an animal with Botulism?
Clinical signs and history.
Can also look for toxin in serum, feces, vomit, or food that was eaten. But finding a lab that will do this is difficult.
61
What infection causes a peritoneal reaction around the site of muscle attachment that we can see on x-ray to diagnose?
Heptozoonosis
62
What other endocrinopathy causes the same dermatologic signs as hypothyroidism in dogs?
Cushings
63
What causes hemolytic anemia in the cat?
Cytauxzoon and Mycoplasma
Treat these with Doxy and Pred to prevent IMHA
64
In a cat, what can we palpate bilaterally that would suggest hyperthyroidism?
Thyroid goiter can be palpated bilaterally in a cat with hyperthyroid.
65
I am a virus that causes subclinical infections in a lot of cats. I can easily be killed by soap and water. Who am I?
FECV Feline Enteric Corona Virus
66
What can we use to stop the immune mediated attack on red blood cells infected with Mycoplasma?
Corticosteroids (Prednisolone)
Also use Doxy or Enrofloxacin for the bacteria.
67
Borrelia is an extracellular bacteria. But it is really good at hide and seek. Where can it hide???
Joints, fibroblasts, astrocytes
68
What immunoglobulin do we need to find in a titer of serum to have a positive diagnosis of Distemper?
IgM
Will be increased due to a recent Distemper infection or a recent vaccination(within 3 weeks)
69
What virus causes a sudden onset of neuro signs and death within 10 days?
RABIES
70
What is an important prognosticator for DKA?
pH
71
What is the drug of choice for the treatment of hypothyroidism in dogs?
Sodium levothyroxine- life long treatment
72
Before we remove a pheochromocytoma what do we need to treat it with?
Phenoxybenzamine
Manage blood pressure too!
73
How would we diagnosis Helicobacteria?
Brush cytology of the gastric mucosa
74
I am a vaccine but I need a larger dose which can cause allergic reactions. You have to give me twice 2 weeks apart for me to work. And also yearly b.c i suck at immunity.
Killed
75
What is the leading cause of hypercalcemia is dogs?
Lymphoma
76
What is the most common medical disorder of geriatric cats?
Hyperthyroidism
77
How long does the tick need to be attached and suck blood to infect the host?
48 hours
78
Lyme disease really messes up the heart too. What might need to be done for the animal that has developed Lyme Myocarditis?
Pacemaker implantation for the heart blocks.
79
When do we start treatment of RMSF?
ASAP
80
What disease did Dylan's dog get, that is mostly found in the **southwestern** US. (He is from Arizona). It usually requires life long treatment. It is a bitch to get rid of.
Valley Fever aka Coccidiomycosis
81
What type of clinical signs does the vasculitis in particular cause?
Petechial & Ecchymotic hemorrhage.
Look at ears and MM.
82
What treatment can we send home for Parvo patients?
Convenia or Polyflex(cheaper)
83
What canine virus replicated at low body temperatures?
Herpes
84
What 3 things should we look for in cat with subclinical or clinical cardiac disease and hyperthyroidism?
1. Cardiac silhouette in X-rays
2. Consistent hypertension \>180
3. Assess degree of hypertrophy with ultrasound
85
Clicker: Which screening test has the benefit of having very good specificity for Cushings?
ACTH Stim Test
86
Percutaneous ablation therapy can cause what in cats with hyperthyroid?
Laryngeal paralysis and horners syndrome
87
What is a RBC parasite that cause Feline Infectious Anemia?
Mycoplasma hemofelis
88
How do we diagnose Toxo?
Elevated IgM titers = acute infection
Elevated IgG titers= chronic infection
Take paired sample
Can also take a muscle biopsy and look for elevated CK.
89
If at 8 hours the cortisol level is less than 50% of baseline what does that indicate in Cushings?
PDH
90
What is the most common systemic fungal disease in cats and affects the nasal passages?
Cryptococcosis
91
Rabies vaccination schedule
16 weeks and booster in 1 year,
92
How long can a cat with Panleukopenia shed the virus after recovery?
6 weeks
93
Why is Brucellosis difficult to treat?
Because it is an intercellular organism
94
What surface protein does the vaccine target?
OspA
95
T/F: Specificity of fT4 is not as good in hyperthyroid as it is in hypothyroid and it gets a lot of false positives.
TRUE
96
Is E. canis an acute or chronic dz.
CHRONIC
97
Mr. Sand Fly I am going to report you to the CDC because you are making my spleen, liver and lymph nodes huge! You are a bad man Mr. Sand fly you cause....
Leishmaniasis
98
Generalized signs of tetanus include...
Sawhorse stance, risus sardonicus, trismus, convulsions
99
How is feline corona virus spread?
Feces
100
What is the best treatment option for a dog with ADH Cushings?
Unilateral adrenalectomy
101
With hypothyroidism is the alopecia unilateral or bilateral?
BILATERAL ALOPECIA
102
IgM becomes available how long after the infection?
60-90 days. And then IgG rises 60-90 days.
103
What kind of reaction can occur after a lepto vaccine in administered?
Type I Hypersensitivity
104
The neurological sign that is caused by a rapidly enlarging micro-adenoma.
Nelsons syndrome
105
Hypothyroidism in puppies causes what ?
Cretinism: retarded growth, impaired mental development, persistent puppy cost
106
What are some clinical signs associated with Vaccine Induced Distemper and how can we differentiate it from Canine Distemper?
Behavior changes, aggression, depression, ataxia, tremors and seizures. There will be **no systemic signs**, only CNS with history of a recent vaccination.
107
I am trying to Dx FIP so i pulled so fluid from the cat, what color would the fluid look like if the cat had FIP?
Straw colored(tan/yellowish), high protein and sticky with happy neutrophils.
108
Clicker: Diagnostic test of choice for screening a cat with suspected hyperT?
TT4
109
Besides Mitotaine what other drug could be used for the treatment of PDH Cushings?
Trilostaine
110
What immunoglobulin is first on the scene at the time of infections?
IgM
111
What infection in the vertebrae can Brucellosis cause?
Discospondylitis
112
Which dog breeds hang onto maternal antibodies the longest?Therefore you have to wait 20 weeks before giving the vaccine.
Pitbulls, Rotties, and Hunting Dogs
113
Agent that transmits Salmon poisoning.
Neorickettsia helmintheca
114
What 2 things become enlarged with Salmon Poisoning?
Lymph nodes and the spleen
115
How do dogs become infected with Salmon Poisoning?
Ingestion of the fish with the trematode.
116
Tests used to Dx Anaplasma
ELISA Snap or PCR of blood.
117
Clicker: You suspect hypothyroidism in a dog and perform a T4 test. The results come back within normal range. The dog actually has hypoT. Which explanations are correct?
A. The TT4 reserve is high, retesting in 4 weeks to confirm it
B. AntiT4 antibodies interfere with the assay
C. ATGA Ab interfere with the assay.
A & B are correct
118
How do we diagnosis Salmon Poisoning?
Direct fecal smear. Find trematode eggs.
119
When should we consider a CT/MRI of the pituitary in a PD HAC dog?
If the owner would consider radiation therapy
120
Insulin and dosing schedule for cats with 80% induction of remission?
Glargine BID
121
Acute Addison Crisis is treated as an _________ and should be administered fluids and electrolytes with glucocorticoid replacement.
EMERGENCY!!
122
Why is scintigraphy indicated in a hyperthyroid cat?
To dx functional thyroid tumors, to detect functional metastasis and detect intrathoracic thyroid lobes.
123
What is the most common and most serious electrolyte disturbance in DKA?
Hypokalemia
124
Vector for Anaplasma
Ixodes
125
Emergency Tx for tetany in animals with hypocalcemia.
10 % Ca gluconate.
126
What is the prognosis of a pheochromocytoma based on?
Size, metastasis and surgeons experience.
127
What are 2 other things that we can monitor when treating DM?
1. GHb and Fructosamine: The higher the % the poorer the glycemic control.
2. Urine glucose: should not be relied on for adjustment of insulin only if urine ketones permit for \> 3 days with systemic signs.
128
What is the most common clinical sign in cats with hyperthyroidism?
WEIGHT LOSS!!!!
129
NOTE TO SELF: IN vaccine reactions are NOT considered a vaccine reaction.
Yep
130
What therapy causes the longest survival time in cats with hyperthyroidism?
Cats pretreated with Methimazole before Iodine 131.
131
How many days does it take to see decreased T4 levels in a cat treated with Iodine 131 for hyperthyroidism?
95% of cats will have decreased T4 levels by 8 days post treatment.
132
Is it ok to drink urine that could have Lepto swimming all up in it?
No you silly willy.
133
Clicker: Which screening test has better sensitivity in screening for Cushing?
LDDS
134
Rabies: Zoonotic or No?
ZOONOTIC... DUH
135
Clicker: Name the Cushings screening test with the highest sensitivity.
Urine cortisol:creatine
136
6 hours post pilling, dogs need to be at what end of the reference range in order for clinical signs of hypothyroidism to resolve?
Dogs need to be at the high end and cats need to be at the low end.
137
What is the average length of treatment for a cat with sporotrichosis?
5 months
138
Will Penicillin G or Ampicillin eliminate the carrier state?
NO it will not. So we need to use Doxy later.
139
What species develops Type I DM?
Dogs
140
I am a virus that causes all kind of bad things like gingivitis, pneumonia, etc. I infect the cats when the BITE each other. They test me for my sexy ANTIBODY. Who am I?
FIV Feline Immunodeficiency Virus
141
How does tetanus enter the body?
When a wound becomes contaminated.
142
What kind of vaccine is the Lyme disease vaccine?
Killed subunit/ recombinant.
May reduce allergic potential.
143
This spirochete is transmitted by Ixodes. He likes to morph from spiral to corkscrew to a sphere so he can hide from antibodies. What is his name?
Borrellia
144
What do DM dogs need more of in their diet?
high carbs and lower fat
145
What is required for a definitive diagnosis in a dog with hyperthyroid?
Thyroid biopsy
146
Long acting insulin used in cats
Glargine BID
147
T/F Canned food(liver), litter trays and ectoparasiticides are all risk factors for hyperthyroidism
TRUE!!!!
148
Which feline bacteria is zoonotic and is transmitted to the cat via a cat flea?
Bartonella. "Cat Scratch Fever"
149
How would we diagnose Brucella?
RSAT(screening)
If + confirm with TAT
TAT \>200 = active disease but verify with AGID, ELISA or PCR.
150
What other infectious disease does Salmon poisoning resemble?
Parvo
151
What does risus sardonicus mean?
Grin due to pulling back of facial muscles
152
Primary Hypoadrenocorticism is caused by....
Immune mediated destruction of the adrenal cortex
153
Billy remains thirsty on a dose of 1.1 SID. You do a ACTH stimtest and post sim is 45. What to do?
Collect a pre-pilling urine for UCCR.
154
What protein do we look for as an indicator of Dx of RMSF?
Albumin should be low because of vasculitis.
155
As for Lyme, Anaplasma can cause what in the limbs of the infected?
Lameness aka Inflammatory Polyarthritis
156
When there is an adrenal dependent tumor that increases cortisol secretion, what causes the pituitary to react and decrease ACTH secretion ?
negative feedback mechanism
157
The condition characterized by a increase in Ca and an increase in PTH
Hyperparathyroidism
158
What is an important prognosticator in adrenal tumors?
Presence of metastasis
159
What is the test of choice to prove hyperthyroidism?
Scintigraphy
160
We use _______ in long term maintenance of Addisons.
DOCP and prednisolone.
161
Typical signalment for Cushings patients?
Middle aged to old dogs.
162
Vector for Ehrlichia canis
Rhipicephalus
163
Why can Mitotaine NOT be used in cats?
They are resistant to the effects of Mitotaine
164
What do I need to do for a definitive dx of FIP?
Histo and viral isolation
165
What is the agent that causes Hemotrophic Mycoplasmosis?
Mycoplasma hemocanis.
166
Conditions that can cause PU/PD
DM
CRF
Hyperthyroid- cats
Hyperadrenocorticism- dogs
Hepatic disease
Pyogenic disease
Hypercalcemia
167
How long can kittens hold on to the maternal antibodies from FIV?
6 months
168
Adenomas in cats with hyperthyroid are malignant or benign?
Benign
169
Type of reaction:
Takes longer to develop.
Avoid vaccines in the future.
Type II
170
What clinical signs are permanent if shown in a dog with Canine distemper?
Myoclonus and paralysis
171
Very early sign of a vaccine reaction
Anaphylaxis
172
Condition where a GH producing pituitary tumor in older male cats that are diabetic and insulin resistant causes a big face.
Acromegaly
173
Hypoadrenocoritcism is also known as....
ADDISONS
174
What are some signs associated with pseudorabies?
Pruritus, self mutilation, excessive salivation
175
Should pregnant animals and animals under anesthesia receive vaccines?
NOOOOOOOOOOOO
176
10 week old puppy with bloody diarrhea, not eating, neutropenia and fever. What does that mean?
Parvo
177
What age group is usually affected by the Parvovirus?
YOUNG, BABIES, NEONATES, ITSY BITSY TINIES
178
What tests should I do to confirm a + FIV ELISA test?
Western Blot
179
Using a LDDS , at what hour do you first look at cortisol levels?
8 hours.
If cortisol level is above reference interval at 8 hrs = Cushings
180
How do we diagnosis tetanus?
Based on clinical signs and history of recent wound. There is no test.
181
I am a virus that loves the rapidly dividing cells in kittens and dogs. But I really f stuff up in cats more than dogs. You could you the canine SNAP test to find me even though its not labeled for felines. I can shed up to 6 weeks after recovery. ahahahaha. What am I?
Feline Panleukopenia aka Distemper
182
T/F: Thyroid tumors in dogs are most likely malignant
TRUE
183
How can we prevent Cytauxzoon from getting into our kitties?
Tick control
184
Clicker: Negative prognosticators at the time of diagnosis for predicting mean survival time in cats tx with hyperT?
Azotemia. Not a good sign.
185
How long does recovery take in an animal with Botulism?
Weeks
186
T/F: Tetanus causes death due to respiratory compromise
TRUE
187
My name is Lepto and Im here to say I like to cause _______ failure and ______ failure in a terrible way.
Renal & Liver
188
Most common way that tetanus infects puppies.
Teething and tooth loss . Also after spaying and neutering.
189
I am a vaccine that is usually effective after I dose
MLV
190
When do I need to retest if I have a positive ELISA for FeLV?
8-12 weeks
191
What outer surface protein changes to allow tick to infect dog?
OspA
OspA changes to OspC
192
Is lepto a core or non core vaccine?
NON CORE
193
What is the most important treatment for patients with hypercalcemia?
Saline diuresis
Flushes out Ca.
194
T/F: Debriding the wound, giving equine toxin and flushing wound is the initial treatment for tetanus.
TRUE
195
Are we able to make a diagnosis using PCR if we can separate the DNA from vaccine and virus?
Yes. Using blood, urine and CSF cells.
196
What species gets Type II DM?
Cats
197
Do not reach for glucocorticoids until you have made a dx and ruled out.....
Lymphoma
198
What is the pathogenesis that is causing LMN quadriparxsis/quadriplegia?
AcH blockage at the NMJ
199
Where should cat be tested for glucose?
HOME
200
Does a positive C6 Snap test indicate clinical disease?
Oh hell no. It only tests exposure and infection.
201
Treated with trilostaine but post ACTh cortisol is low and has been vomiting for 3 days. What to do?
Discontinue and administer pred.
202
Insulin and dosing schedule of choice for dogs?
Lente like Vetsulin BID
203
What feline infectious agent has bobcats as a reservoir,is found in RBCs and causes hepatomegaly and splenomegaly because the macrophages are plugging up the vessels?
Cytauxzoon
204
What does trismus mean?
Lock jaw
205
Which protein will be in excess in + E.canis dogs?
Globulin.
Dogs will have hyperglobulinemia.
206
Clicker: What are the differentiating tests in Cushings?
[ACTH], LDDS, Abdominal, ULS, CT of the head
207
Is the FIV vaccine a core or non core vaccine?
NON CORE
208
What are the core vaccine in cats?
Panleuk, Calici, Rabies, Rhino and FeLV in kittens.
209
What test do we use to monitor therapeutic response in Cushings?
ACTH Stim test
210
Is Lyme a Hard Core or Non Core vaccine?
Non- Core.
EXCEPT it could be core in your area. So check your local listings.
211
How do we monitor the treatment of Mitotaine for PDH Cushings?
ACTH stimulation test 1-2 months into therapy and then every 3-6 months.
212
What are the 3 stages of a rabies infection?
1. Prodromal
2. Furious
3. Dumb
213
What can dogs with DM develop?
Cataracts
214
How does Mitotaine work in the treatment of PDH Cushings?
Causes necrosis of zone fasiculata and zone reticularis
215
What form of treatment for hyperthyroidism is irreversible and can cure the disease?
Thyroidectomy
216
If the glucose nadir is reached in less than 6 hours, what needs to be done.
Change the frequency or type of insulin.
217
Specificity is a measure of a tests ability to
Identify healthy animal correctly
218
What test do we actually do in real life to test for Lyme disease?
C6 Antibody Snap Test
219
How could an animal contract Nocardia?
Wounds, pyothorax, cat fights
220
What is the main cause for Type II DM?
Impaired ability to secrete insulin and resistance
221
Where can we take a sample to increase the chances of finding the Mycoplasma organism?
Nail bed and ear tips
222
Using a HDDS, how can we distinguish between a PDH and ADH?
PDH= suppression of ACTH with drop in cortisol ADH= NEVER suppresses
223
What tests can be used to differentiate between a ADH and PDH?
Endogenous ACTH levels, HDDS, Abdominal ULS
224
What drug could you use in the treatment of hyperthyroidism if the patient is vomiting a lot?
Transdermal Methimazole
225
Why are we worried about treating cats with Bartonella?
Because the organism develops resistance very quickly
226
Small bowel diarrhea is a clinical sign for what infection?
Cryptosporosis
227
If fT4 is high but TT4 is low or normal what is that called?
Euthyroid Sick Syndrome
228
After the LDDS confirms cushings, what is the best differentiating test?
Ultrasound
229
What test do you use the measure the therapeutic response to medical treatment of Cushings?
ACTH stim test (post ACTH coritcol concentration)
230
What type a Babesia is found in greyhounds and can cause hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia?
B. canis volgeli
231
T/F: At the time of surgery for insulinoma the disease has already metastasize so the prognosis is still grave.
TRUTH
232
How long can the parvo virus exists in feces in the home?
2-6 weeks
233
How do we diagnose Parvo?
Fecal parvo antigen test.
234
Tick that transmits Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Dermacentor
235
To differentiate hyperparathyroidism from renal failure and vitamin D deficiency we need to look at ....
Phosphorus.
Phosphorus will only be low to normal in hyperparathyroidism
236
What does the CBC of a patient with diabetes look like?
Stress leukogram =
decrease lymphocytes, increase monocytes decrease eosinophils
237
In an acute crisis we can administer ______ & ______ to replace the mineralcorticoids.
Injectable DOCP and Fludrocortisone.
238
The condition characterized by a decrease in Ca and a decrease in PTH.
Hypoparathyroidism
239
What disease causes fever, respiratory signs, lameness, **periosteal reaction on radiographs**, lymphadenopathy and is **transmitted via inhalation of spores.**
Valley Fever aka Coccidiomycosis
240
KNOW THIS: 2 different ways regenerative anemia can be caused in Mycoplasma infected cats
1. Immune mediated attack on RBCs cause body to produce antibodies against its own RBCs
2. Attach to surface of RBCs and causes direct damage to the RBC membrane
241
A high percentage of cats have Abs that indicate exposure but not disease of Bartonella. What could we do to tell if the cat had an active infection?
Need to see a 4 fold increase in titers
242
What test is absolutely critical to do for a patient that is Lyme positive?
Urine Analysis!!!
Need to looks for renal failure signs or proteinuria.
243
How could an animal contract Actinomyces?
Bite
244
I am a bodily fluid that really likes to hold on to Leptospirosis and help it spread its seed in the environment. Who am I?
Pee pee!!!
245
A patient with low TT4, low fT4 and high TSH probably has what endocrinopathy?
Hypothyroidism
246
What is better than serum Ab titers for determining vaccine effectiveness in groups of animals?
Challenge Study
247
Glutamine powder can be added to drinking water to promote...
GI healing .
248
How does the dog get infected with Botulism?
Dog eats preformed toxin in raw meat.
249
Which combination of tests is the best indicator for hypothyroidism?
TT4 and TSH
High TSH with low TT4 and fT4
250
Who do we have to do a urine analysis on with regards to Lyme?
Lyme + dogs , symptomatic AND non-symptomatic.
251
What is the best test that was used to diagnosis Dylan's dog with Valley Fever, b/c the titers remain high for months.
Complement Fixation- detects IgG. Rising titers over 3 weeks suggest infection. Look at the signs too.
252
Is there a vaccine for FIP?
Nope but there is an intranasal MLV for FECV.
253
At what age can you test a kitten for FeLV and not worry about maternal antibodies?
Any Age
254
T/F: Age is not a factor in the outcome of treatment of hyperthyroidism unless they are young in that case the prognosis is worse.
TRUE
255
What do DM cats need more of in their diet?
Protein
256
How is Rickettsiae transmitted?
Saliva of tick
257
How is rabies transmitted from an infected animal?
Transmitted through the SALIVA of infected animal.
258
Condition where acetones and ketones accumulate
Diabetic ketoacidosis
259
Clicker: 6 yo Bouvier has weight gain, and facial paralysis. TT4 and fT4 are low, TSh is high, TSH stim test shows that TT4 remains unchanged. What is the diagnosis?
Primary Hypothyroidism
260
Clicker: Billy is typical hyperT but his TT4 is high end normal. What test is not appropriate? A. fT4 B. Repeat TT4 in 2-4 weeks C. Scintigraphy D. Therapeutic trial
D. Therapeutic Trial DO NOT DO IT
261
Name 4 Rickettsial Infections that she stressed.
RMSF, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Salmon Poisoning
262
Short acting insulin used in dogs
Vetsulin- Lente BID
263
Billy is on trilostane for tx of HAC. No change in appetite or thirst. 4 hr post pilling , post ACTH cortisol conc. is 200 (RI 20-120) . What do you suggest?
Increase the dose by 50% or double the dose
264
T/F: Herpes can cause cerebellar hypoplasia if neonate survives.
TRUTH
265
Clicker: Which endocrine test is used to diagnose iatrogenic Cushing's disease?
ACTH Stim test
266
What neuro presentation is most common the the face of hypothyroid patients?
Myxedema aka Sad Face
267
What is the best way to protect against Lyme in endemic areas?
Vaccinate young pups before tick bore exposure.
268
T/F: The goal for treatment of dogs with DM is the management of dogs by eliminating signs associated with hyperglycemia
TRUE
269
Core Vaccines for Cats
Rhino, Panleuko, Calicivirus, FeLV(kittens), Rabies
270
Persistent hyperglycemia in the face of starvation plus glucose in the pee pee, points to what endocrinopathy??
Diabetes Mellitus
271
What test is used to screen hypothyroidism and has high sensitivity?
TT4
272
How is toxo most likely dx in a sick dog and cat?
High IgM titer
273
Where does the parvo virus like to chill?
Rapidly dividing cells areas such as the intestinal crypts, lymphoid tissues, bone marrow, and cerebellum.
274
There are 4 specific physical exam findings in a cat with hyperthyroid. Name them.
1. Palpable thyroid
2. Thin
3. Hyperactive, difficult to examine
4. Tachycardia
275
What is the best, easiest, and most reliable means of diagnosing hyperthyroidism in cats?
TT4- Screening Test
276
T/F: Megaesophagus may be a clinical sign associated with tetanus.
FALSE. Megaesophagus is associated with Botulism NOT tetanus.
277
In what way could we treat Brucella infected intact males ?
Chop off their balls
278
Clicker: What is the test or combination with the best specificity(diagnostic)?
TT4/ TSH
279
Salmon poisoning causes a **sudden** onset of...
Fever, weight loss, and bloody diarrhea
280
How many MLV doses of one vaccine does an adult cat have to get?
One dose will do the trick
281
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ restricted diet for indoor cats with mild hyperthyroidism can be used. Problem is if they eat other food you have to start all over again.
Iodine
282
Lab work for Parvo virus shows hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, anemia and
Leukopenia due to sepsis.
Makes it easier for the viral particles to invade the dividing cells of the GI tract.
283
How are all Rickettsial infections treated?
Tetracycline or Doxycycline
284
Vaccination schedule for Lepto.
2 vaccines. 12 and 16 weeks. Vaccinate yearly.
285
What should I use to treat Cryptococcosis that has spread to the CNS via the cribriform plate?
Fluconazole b/c it crosses the BBB.
286
Clicker: The treatment for hyperT with the best outcome is?
Iodine 131 and Methimazole
287
Added adjuvants, found in killed and recombinant vector vaccines, can cause what in cats?
Sarcomas
288
Can RMSF cause vestibular and cerebellar signs?
YES. Headtilt and all.
289
How do outdoor cats become infected with Toxo?
Eating mice that want to play with them
290
Dogs with Parvo are actually suffering from...
Gram Negative Sepsis.
KNOW THIS!! Signs are due to bacteremia from bacterial translocation when intestines are injured by the virus.
291
Clicker: What is the best single stand alone hormone test(accuracy) to confirm hypothyroidism?
fT4
292
When does vaccine induced canine distemper show up?
10-21 days after vaccination with the MLV.
293
What can be unmasked by the treatment of hyperthyroidism?
Renal Failure
294
T/F: The goal in the treatment of DM in cats is to save remaining beta cells and reverse insulin resistance
TRUE
295
What is the problem with just looking at the titer?
Positive/high titer does not equate to "protection" nor presence of disease and a low titer does not mean protection is absent
296
This vaccine needs 2 or more doses to be effective
Killed
297
What drug eliminates the Lepto carrier state?
Doxy
298
The most common dermatologic change that yells "THIS IS CUSHINGS"!!!
Calcinosis Cutis
299
If nadir is \>120 what should be done?
Increase insulin dose
300
What is used to treat RMSF?
Doxy or Tetracycline
for a minimum of 2 weeks.
301
What states is Salmon Poisoning most common in?
WA, OR, CA
302
Hypothyroidism slows or increases metabolic function?
Slows metabolic function so all the clinical signs will be about things slowing down.
303
What is the most common Crypto agent?
C. parvum.
304
RMSF is clinically indistinguishable from..
Acute Ehrlichiosis.
305
TT4 above what # is diagnostic of hyperthyroid?
TT4 \>60 = hyperthyroid
306
I am a cigar shaped fungus and ZOONOTIC so you better wear gloves when touching those nodules on the trunk and head of cats. Who am I?
Sporotrichosis
307
How is Mycoplasma transmitted?
Tick(Rhipicephalus) and blood transfusions.
308
What kind of diarrhea do we like to see with Parvo patients?
BLOODY!!!
309
Is there a treatment for FIP?
NOPE
310
Clicker: What is the test with the best sensitivity for the Dx of hypothyroidism(screening test)?
TT4
311
I am a vaccine but my infectious agent is alive but altered
MLV
312
Clicker:Typical signalment and history for feline hyperT?
DSH, polyphagia, vomiting
313
What is the drug of choice to treat cats with hyperthyroid?
oral Methimazole
314
What type of tube do we use to collect to blood sample of suspected Mycoplasma patients?
Lavender top. If cells break, look at buffy coat. Anemia should be pinkish.
315
2 DDxs for Parvo
Salmonella and Salmon Poisoning
316
Clinical pathology indicates what 2 things in patients with hypothyroidism.
1. Hypercholesterolemia
2. Mild non regenerative anemia
317
What causes death for the animal with Botulism?
Respiratory paralysis
318
What clinical signs help us distinguish between Hypothyroidism and Hyperadrenocortism aka Cushing's?
Hypothyroid patients do not present with PU/PD
319
How would you treat Nocardia?
Sulfa Drugs biotch
320
Ddx for Tetanus
Strychnine Toxicity
321
Using an endogenous ACTH test aka ACTH assay how can we differentiate between PDH and ADH?
PDH = high ACTH levels
ADH= low ACTH levels
322
Adenomas in cats with hyperthyroid are usually bilateral or unilateral?
Bilateral tumors are most common
323
What does the serology test used in Crypto test for in the urine, serum and CSF?
ANTIGEN!!!!
324
What is the best test to rule out Cushings?
Urine cortisol to creatinine ratio
325
A confirmatory test we use to distinguish between vaccine antibodies and an infections antibodies.
Western Blot
326
When do signs of tetanus occur?
Within 5-21 days of injury
327
Rickettsiae replicates in the
endothelial cells of capillaries and small blood vessels
328
Mitch had watery, bloody, mucousy diarrhea when he contracted what infectious disease?
Giardia
329
What is the best and most rapid means of definitive diagnosis for Cryptococcosis?
Cytology
330
How do dogs become infected with Parvo?
Oral contact with feces, infected soil or fomites that carry the virus.
331
What does a whole cell ELISA test measure?
IgM & IgG
332
What infectious disease is least likely to cause hemolytic anemia
Crypto
Mycoplasma
Babesiosis
Cryto
333
This disease is found in Sara Jane and Nicole's stomping grounds. You see shifting leg lameness and even infects people too. What is it?
Lyme Disease
334
What is the most sensitive test to detect Leishmania?
PCR
335
Clicker: DSH dx with hyperT. Taking oral Methimazole and vomiting. The best option would be to...
Switch to transdermal preparation
336
This vaccine is effective after 1 dose but because of maternal antibodies they will get 2 doses.
MLV
337
I am a vaccine that has antigens and i sometimes stimulate a bad vaccine reaction.
Killed
338
Which species of Babesia PCR test will detect other species too?
B. gibsoni
339
85% of cases with hyperadrenocorticism are ________ dependent.
Pituitary dependent.
340
Cats that remain persistently viremic develop FeLV related disease and most die within...
3 years
341
An immune response that involves an antibody response to an antigen.
Humoral
342
Zoonotic bacteria that are transmitted via genital excretions such as semen, URINE, milk.
Brucellosis
343
Middle aged dog presents with weight gain, cold intolerance, decreased appetite, and rat tail(hypotrichosis). What is most likely diagnosis?
Hypothyroidism
344
When do we do a titer?
When the owner doesn't wanna vaccinate again, if there was a prior reaction to vaccine and looking to confirm exposure
345
What is the vaccine schedule for Lyme?
2 vaccines given 2-4 weeks apart starting at 12 weeks old.
346
If at 4 hours cortisol is less than 1 mg/dL what does that indicate in Cushings?
PDH
347
What precautions do you need to take as a veterinarian when handling a patient with Crypto?
WEAR GLOVES!!!
348
Corneal edema aka Blue EYE is caused by the CAV-I vaccine. What type of reaction is this?
TYPE III
349
Atypical hypoadrenaocorticism is caused by....
glucocorticoid deficiency only
350
This little surface protein is found in the midgut of the tick.. What is he?
OspA
351
If 4 hours is less than 50% of baseline what does that indicate in Cushings?
PDH
352
Where should you first try giving fluids in a Parvo patient?
Jugular vein
353
Can a dog just have neuro signs such as myoclonus(rhythmic twitching) without ever having systemic and GI signs with Distemper?
YES. Dogs can just have neuro signs.
354
Insulin with the longest duration of effect?
Glargine
355
How would you treat Actinomyces?
Penicillin
356
What drug can we use if the animal keeps vomiting on Doxy?
Pencillin G or Ampicillin
357
Treatment for insulin overdose
Dextrose
358
T/F: Elevated IgM and no vaccines with clinical signs is diagnostic for Canine Distemper
TRUE
359
What virus can kill dogs and cats within 2-3 days of clinical signs?
Pseudorabies.
360
Up to how many hours can babies receive antibodies in colostrum?
72 hours post birth
361
Which virus is associated with cerebellar hypoplasia in kittens?
Feline Panleukopenia
362
What is the most likely cause of feline hypothyroidism?
Iatrogenic following surgery for hyperthyroidism
363
Late sign of a vaccine reaction
Kills the patient.
IMHA and thrombocytopenia day to weeks post vaccine. AVOID future vaccines. Do a titer for rabies iif a problem. Cats: Fibrosarcoma at injection site 3 mths to 3 years post vaccine
364
Lets say a dog comes in with signs of Lyme and tests positive for Lyme. Do we treat him?
Yes. Yes we do. Duh!
365
What are we looking for in a fine needle aspirate of the LN, spleen or liver in a cat with suspected Cytauxzoon?
Schizont loaded macrophages
366
Abdominal radiographs in a patient with DM will show...
Hepatomegaly Pancreatitis Cystitis
367
How do we use an abdominal ultrasound to differentiate a PDH from a ADH?
PDH= bilateral
ADH= unilateral enlargement and contralateral gland atrophy
368
What is a good screening test for Cushings?
LDDS
369
ADR cat with a positive titer of 1:128 for Bartonella. What does that mean?
Exposure only. May not have any releationship to clinical signs.
370
What is the most common cause of vaccine failure in young pets?
Persistant maternal antibodies
371
Hey, my name is Giardia and I am to infect you. My most zoonotic assemblages are named...
A & B
372
The dry form of FIP infects what things in the cat?
CNS and Eyeballs
373
Type of reaction:
Immune complex deposition in certain organs.
Type III
374
A 10 year old DSH cat presents with vomiting, PU/PD, always hungry, high blood pressure, poor coat. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Hyperthyroidism
375
Bacteria that loves acidic environments therefore lives in the stomach and causes ulcers.
Helicobacteria
376
T/F: An animal with Botulism can spontaneously recovery if supported since the toxin eventually wears off.
TRUE
377
What do you do if you see a dog with potential rabies?
Call the health department.
378
What is the most common type of hypothyroidism in the dog?
PRIMARY Hypothyroidism
379
I am a vaccine and the DNA from the infectious agent is incorporated into a vector(virus). The vector expresses infectious Antigens to stimulate an immune response.
Recombinant vector
Can revert to virulent form. Yikes
380
Which is the best stand alone test for hypothyroidism and has the best specificity?
Free T4
381
HOW can herpes be transmitted?
Vaginal and Nasal Secretions
382
What should we do if we have a puppy with clinical signs for Parvo but a negative Snap test?
Recheck in 48 hours or wrong diagnosis. But still treat the signs as if they were Parvo positive.
383
I am a zoonotic bacteria that really likes to chill in stagnant waters. I am friends with the raccoons and rats because they let me live in them. Who am I?
Leptospirosis
384
What causes diabetic ketoacidosis?
Lack of insulin --\> acidosis(increase lactate)
385
What is the most common type of functional tumor in a cat with hyperthyroid?
Adenoma - Adenomatous Hyperplasia.
386
What causes iatrogenic Cushings?
Excessive or prolonged administration of GCs.
387
Iatrogenic hypoadrenocorticism is caused by...
Abrupt discontinuance of corticosteroids. Glucocorticoid and mineral corticoid deficiency
388
What should we use to treat the bacteremia and sepsis in Parvo patients?
Aminoglycocieds and Beta Lactams.
389
If a dog is showing neuro signs after he has showed systemic signs of Distemper, is he contagious?
NO.
Neuro signs are not contagious even it the dog has had the GI and respiratory signs before the neuro signs.
390
What is a negative prognosticator at the time of diagnosis for hyperthyroid?
Azotemia
391
Definitive diagnostic test for Addisons
ACTH Stimulation Test
392
I am a virus and Im most known for causing ascites and fever in young kittens. I am not transmissible because I am a genetic mutation of FECV. Who am I?
FIP Feline Infectious Peritonitis
393
What causes Type I DM?
Beta cell destruction --\> insulin deficiency
394
An immune response that does not involve antibodies
Cell Mediated
395
T/F: Clinical infection with Mycoplasma hemocanis is common.
FALSE. Clinical infection with M.hemocanis is UNCOMMON
396
What form of Distemper does not cause shedding of the virus?
Neuro form.
397
What is a very specific test used in Cushings?
ACTH Stimulation Test.
Iatrogenic will have low levels and PDH/ADH will have high levels.
398
What surface protein does the C6 Antibody test target?
OspC
399
T/F: RMSF fever can cause a regenerative anemia from blood loss or IMHA and a non regenerative anemia from organism living in bone marrow.
TRUE
400
Type of reaction :
Anaphylaxis due to large content of foreign protein in inactivated vaccine or those with adjuvants.
Happens within minutes.
Most common with Lepto.
Type I
401
What range do we need to maintain blood glucose at?
90-180 for 18-24 hours/day
402
If we were to treat Brucellosis with drugs, how would we do it?
Aminoglycocides for a couple of weeks and Doxy for 4 weeks.
403
What infection causes pelvic limb extensor rigidity in puppies that is not reversible.
Neosporosis
However if you can flex the joint you may be able to help with Clindamycin and Sulfa drugs. Treat the entire litter
404
Where in the adrenal glands are the tumors that produce excess ACTH and cause bilateral adrenal gland hyperplasia?
Pars intermedia and pars distalis
405
Why can cyclic parasitemia affect the Dx of Mycoplasma?
Because within 1 hour bacteria can go from \>90% infected RBCs to 0%.
406
What is the most definitive dx test for lyme but we don't really do it because it is difficult to find the exact spot the tick attached to?
Culture
407
What can a thyroid storm cause?
Cardiac Failure
408
Clicker: Most common cause of hyperT in cats is?
Adenomatous Hyperplasia
409
What is the gold standard of therapy for cats with hyperthyroidism?
Iodine 131
But its expensive.
410
What can we use for the edema or inflammation associated with RMSF?
Prednisolone with Tetracycline.
411
Parvo virus pups usually have a co infection with what 2 parasites?
Round worm and hookworm.
412
Zoonotic bacteria that cause bloody diarrhea and can be apart of the normal flora in healthy animals. Looks like Parvo too.
Salmonella
413
Ideal range of [BG] in a diabetic dog on insulin therapy?
100-250
414
Clicker:The most accurate method to predict unmasking CKD in cats treated for hyperT?
GFR study
