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NPTE PREP (Josh) > Neuro-Essentials > Flashcards

Neuro-Essentials Flashcards

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1
Q

NS–Specialized cells that receive, integrate, control, and transmit info t/o body

Components of NS?

A
  1. CNS
  2. PNS
  3. ANS
  4. Somatic NS (SNS)
  5. Limbic System
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2
Q

CNS: Brain + SC
2 hemispheres containing: and further divided:

A
  • Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital lobes
  • Forebrain (Prosencephalon), Midbrain (Mesencephalon), Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)

Ea responsible for interpretation and control of bio processes + mvt

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3
Q

PNS has _ pairs cranial nerves; _ pairs spinal nerves
Responsible for?

A

12 pairs cranial nerves (Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Virgin Girls Vaginas And Hymens) (Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter More)
31 pairs spinal nerves

All have Afferent (sensory, dorsal) and Efferent (motor, ventral) fibers

For communication bw body and CNS

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4
Q

ANS has 2 divisions:

A
  1. sympathetic (stimulating)
  2. Parasympathetic (inhibitory)

ANS contains portions of CNS and PNS
- impulses to ANS typ do NOT reach lvl of consciousness– produce automatic responses

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5
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Does what?

A
  • Regulates body mvmt thru sensory and motor neurons–transmit info from brain to mm fibers
  • Controls: Voluntary body mvmt, influences the 5 senses, responsible for reflex arcs such as DTRs
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6
Q

Limbic System found where and does what?

A
  • Found w/in Brain
  • Involved with: control and express of mood, processing, memory, appetite, olfaction
  • Lesions: aggression, fearlessness, alterations in motivation, other
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7
Q

Forebrain (Prosencephalon)
Consists of what and whats found there?

A
  • Telencephalon– cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, amygdala)
  • Diencephalon– (all the “alamus’s)–Thalamus, Hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus
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8
Q

Cerebrum consists of _ and _ , while sulci/fissures demark what?

A
  • Gray matter–Surface
  • White matter–Interiorly
  • Sulci/Fissures– demark specific lobes
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9
Q

Hemispheres L vs R:
Left Hemisphere

A
  • Ability to understand language
  • Sequencing of mvmts
  • Producing written/spoken lang
  • Expression of + emotions
  • Ability to be analytical, controlled, logical
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10
Q

Hemispheres L vs R:
Right Hemisphere

A
  • Nonverbal processing
  • Artistic expression
  • Comprehension of general concepts
  • **Spatial Relationships
  • Kinesthetic awareness**
  • Mathematical reasoning
  • Body Image awareness
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11
Q

Each lobe of the brain has responsibilities:
Frontal Lobe

A
  • Intellect, Orientation, Voluntary mvmt, Broca’s, Executive functions
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12
Q

Each lobe of brain has responsibilities:
Parietal Lobe

A
  • Receives info assocd w/ touch, kinesthesia, vibration
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13
Q

Ea lobe has responsibilities:
Temporal

A
  • Auditory, Wernicke’s, production of meaningful speech
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14
Q

Ea Lobe has responsibilities:
Occipital

A
  • Visual processing, judgement of distance, vision in 3D
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15
Q

Midbrain located where and consists of what?

A
  • @ Base of brain ABOVE SC
  • Tectum/Tegmentum (the T’s)
  • Relay Area– connects forebrain->Hindbrain
  • Reflex Center– visual, auditory, tactile responses
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16
Q

Hindbrain consists of what?

A
  • Cerebellum, PONs, Medulla oblongata
  • Cerebellum– coords mvmt + assists w/ maintenance of balance (When Dr. Cohen says Cerebellum, you say COORDINATION!!!)
  • PONS + Medulla– assist w/ control of bodys vital functions
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17
Q

Circle of Willis
AA’s?

A

Anterior Cerebral AA, Middle Cerebral AA, Posterior Cerebral AA, Vertebral-Basilar AA perfuse diff regions of brain and will produce impairments w/ vascular patho specific to each.

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18
Q

Meninges
What do they do? What are they called?

A

3 layers connect tissue provide covering/protection for brain/SC
Outer to Inner–> Dura mater-Arachnoid mater-Pia mater
- Dural spaces surround meninges & contain CSF

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19
Q

What is CSF? What assists to produce CSF?

A
  • Clear fluid-like sub that cushions brain/SC and provides nutrition
  • Ventricular system assists to produe and circulate
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20
Q

Spinal Cord

A
  • comp of CNS–direct continuation of BS
  • Relay for info bw brain and peripheral structures
  • Spinal nerves ea possess afferent and efferent fibers for transm. of info thru ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts of SC
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21
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • Nerves that have sensory, motor, and autonomic responsibilities
  • Cutaneous sensory end organs–> thermo, noci, mechano, chemo, and photoreceptors—— provide feedback thru diff channels of stimulation
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22
Q

Peripheral nerve fibers classified as_and describe each

A, B, C

A

A, B, C
-A= Lg/myelinated with HIGH conduction speed
B= Med/myelinated w/ MOD speed
C= Sm/UNmyelinated or poorly myelinated w/ SLOW speed

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23
Q

Derms/Myotomes stem from what nerve roots?

A

C1 thru S4
- ea innervate a particular region for Sensation (dermatome) and Motor Innervation (Myotome) — provide pattern for anticipated weakness w/ impairment

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24
Q

List the Cranial Nerves

A
  1. Oh–Olfactory (sensory)
  2. Oh–Optic (sensory)
  3. Oh–Oculomotor (motor)
  4. To–Trochlear (motor)
  5. Touch–Trigeminal (both)
  6. And–Abducens (motor)
  7. Feel–Facial (both)
  8. Virgin–Vestibulocochlear (sensory)
  9. Girls–Glossopharyngeal (both)
  10. Vaginas–Vagus (boobs)
  11. And–Spinal Accessory (motor)
  12. Hymens–Hypoglossal (motor)
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25
Plexuses and where they innervate
- **Brachial Plexus== UE** - **Lumbar and Sacral Plexus== LE**
26
Superficial Reflexes--How they Work Normal vs Abnormal
- Response to **stimulation of the receptors w/in skin**---Sensory signal must reach SC and Ascend to brain for processing - **Common NORM superf reflexes== abdominal, corneal, cremasteric, gag, plantar reflexes** - **Abnormal== Babinski (abnorm plantar reflex)**
27
Deep Tendon Reflexes
- Elicit mm contraction thru stimulation of mm tendon thru **reflex arc** - Graded 0-4+----- results may be indicative of a lesion TO reflex arc OR a suprasegmental lesion
28
Superficial Sensations ----
Lt touch, temp, PAIN
29
Deep sensations----
Kinesthesia, Proprio, Vibration
30
Cortical sensations----
Localization of touch, B/L simultaneous stimulation, 2pt discrim, stereognosis, barognosis
31
Acute injury to a peripheral N. will produce 3 nerve pathologies | List from LEAST severe to MOST
1. Neurapraxia 2. Axonotmesis 3. Neurotmesis | see medcon 1!!!
32
Acute injury to a peripheral N. will produce 3 nerve pathologies **Neurapraxia**
MILDEST - axons preserved and recovery rapid and complete
33
Acute injury to a peripheral N. will produce 3 nerve pathologies: **Axonotmesis**
MORE Severe - Reversible damage, potential for spontaneous recovery
34
Acute injury to a peripheral N. will produce 3 nerve pathologies: **Neurotmesis** | the "requires sx" one
MOST SEVERE - Axon AND myelin are damaged - Irreversible injury - NO spont. recovery - Sx MAY allow for SOME recovery *****
35
UMN Lesions **Found where? Characteristics? **
- Found w/in motor cortex, internal cap, BS or SC - **Characteristics:** HypERactive reflexes, MILD atrophy, INCd tone
36
LMN Lesions Found where? Characteristics?
Found IN nerves or their axons **@ or BELOW lvl of BS** - **Characteristics:**HypOactive or absent reflexes, atrophy, fasciculations, DECd tone (hypOtonia)
37
ALL mvmt disorders that present w/ INvoluntary mvmts
- Tremos, tics, chorea, dystonia, athetosis | Mvmt disorders
38
What is Balance? Components of Balance?
Somatosensory + Vision + Vestibular---provide feedback to CNS - State of phys equilibrium w/ maintenance and control of the COG
39
VOR vs VSR
- **VOR:** supports GAZE STAB. thru eye mvmt that COUNTERS mvmts of head - **VSR:** attempts to stabilize BODY while HEAD is moving in order to manage upright posture
40
Vestibular Rehab Indications? Includes?
- Pts w/ **central or peripheral balacne disorders** - **Includes:** VOR/VSR ex's, ocularmotor ex's, habituation training, balance, COG control, varying environments, visual cond's, use of gravity to challenge balance system
41
Communication Disorders
- can include ALL forms of **aphasia, verbal aPraxia (planning), and dysarthria (swallowing)** - **Aphasia--receptive, expressive or global** - Tx is modified based on pts ability to communicate or understand altern. forms of comm.
42
Common Pharma agents for neurological disorders?
- Antiepileptic agents - Antispasticity agents - Cholinergic agents (mvmt disorders?) - Dopamine replacement agents - MM relaxant agents
43
CVA | How are they termed?
- Specific event results in **lack of O2 to specific area of brain secondary to ischemia or hemorrhage** - Termed: Completed stroke, stroke in evolution, TIA, ischemic or hemorrhage
44
Predictable patterns of impairment w/ CVA | KNOW THEM!!!
Pt presents w/ predictable patterns of impairment when ischemia occurs seconary to CVA in **L hemisphere, R hemisphere, BS or Cerebellum** | YOU KNOW THEM!!!
45
Flexor vs Extensory Synergy UE **Flexor Synergy**
- Scapular elevation w/ retraction; Shoulder ABD and ER; Elbow flexion; Forearm supination; Wrist flexion; finger and thumb flexion w/ ADD | See neuroPT spasticity!!!
46
Flexor vs Extensory Synergy UE **Extensor Synergy**
- Scapular depression and protraction; Shoulder ADD and IR; Elbow EXT; Forearm PRO; Wrist EXT; Finger and thumb flexion w/ adduction | see neuroPT!!!
47
Flexor vs Extensor Synergy: LE **Flexor Synergy**
- Hip ABD and ER; Knee flexion; Ankle DF w/ SUP; Toe EXT
48
Flexor vs Extensor Synergy: LE **Extensor Synergy**
- Hip EXT, IR, ADD; Knee EXT; ankle PF w/ inversion; Toe flexion and ADD
49
Neurological rehab
May incorp variety of treatments based on pts patho/goals - Variety of constructs base ea of the theories of rehab on particular interpretation of **motor control and motor learning (cognitive, associative, autonomous)**
50
Motor CONTROL
Study of NATURE of mvmt and ability to **direct essential mvmt**
51
Motor LEARNING
Study of the **acquisition or modification of mvmt** - Stages: Cognitive, Associative, Autonomous - **NOTE: FEEDBACK is imperative for progression of Motor Learning (concurrent and knowledge of performance is best)**
52
_ is integral to Motor Learning and types?
PRACTICE!!!! - **TYPES:** Massed and distributed; constant and variable; random and blocked; whole training vs part training | see neuroPT!!!
53
Who developed Neuro-Developmental Treatment ? NDT
Bobath | see neuroPT!!!
54
Bobath developed NDT based on **hierarchial model of neurophysiologic function** Includes?
- **Includes:** Facilitation/inhibition of tone, Reflex Inhibiting Postures (RIPs), Key pts of control, Proximal control, Use of Rotation | See neuroPT!!! and labs!!!
55
Brunnstrom vs Raimiste's vs Souque's
- **Brunnstrom Mvmt Therapy in Hemiplegia--** utilizes synergy patterns to assist w/ developing mvmt combos OUTSIDE of synergy patterns (scale) - **Raimiste's phenomenon and Souque's phenomenon--** used in tx along w/ Assocd rxns, stages of recovery, overflow, limb synergies
56
PNF
- based on **establishing GROSS motor patterns w/in CNS**-- allows for stronger parts to stim/strengthen weaker parts - Tx emphasizes **developmental sequence, mass mvmt patterns, and diagonal patterns**
57
Rood's Theory of Neurological Rehab | the "Reflex" one
- Based on **reflex stimulus model** where motor OUTput is the result of past and present sensory INput - Goal of homeostasis achieved using **key patterns to enhance motor control** - Tx: Sensory stim to facilitate or inhibit a response
58
SCI
- PERM damage can occur to SC after suff force exerted - **MVAs==highest incidence** - Comp vs Incomp w/ regard to motor and sensory function
59
Incomplete SCI's include | see neuroPT and Neurophysiology
- Anterior cord, Brown-Sequard's, Central Cord, Posterior Cord, Cauda Equina | see EARLY NEURO AND QUIZLETS!!!
60
ASSESSES Pts w/ SCI
ASIA Scale - A->E (worst to better)
61
Autonomic Dysreflexia common comp of what and considered what?
SCI; MEDICAL EMERGENCY!!! | SIT THEM UP!! TO LOWER BP
62
AUTONOMIC DYSREFLEXIA | MEDICAL EMERGENCY!!!
- Excess. and Uncontrolled INC in BP places pt @ risk - **Kinked catheter is most typ stimulus**
63
KNOW THE LVLS OF SCI AND WHAT CORRELATES TO EACH
PT MUST be able to recognize pts potential based on expected functional outcomes
64
TBI Classifications and Primary vs Secondary
- Classified as Open or Closed w/ Primary and Secondary brain damage - **Primary== coup/contrecoup lesions** - **Secondary==typ due to epidural or subdural hematoma**
65
Glasgow Coma Scale | see notes/scales to know
- Assess pts w/ suspected head injury in order to classify injury from mild-severe | <8== Coma
66
RLA Levels of Cognitive Functioning Scale | assist to classify injury based on where pt best meets criteria
Levels: - No response - Generalized response - Localized response - Confused-agitated - Confused-innapropriate - Confused-appropriate - Automatic-appropriate - Purposeful-appropriate
67
Concepts of Development (4)
1. Cephalic to Caudal (head to tail) 2. Gross to fine 3. Mass to specific 4. Proximal to distal
68
Primitive Reflexes | see PEDS!!!
- Elicited w/ **predictable stim** which causes **predictable response** until time when reflex is **integrated** - **When reflexes DO NOT integrate, there is typ interference w/ progressing thru dev. milestones**
69
Developmental Milestones for Gross and Fine Motor skills
- follow tentative schedule thru teenage yrs - Dev. delay OR other ped patho may cause child to exp difficulty progressing thru milestones
70
ESSENTIAL to obtain MAX function for pediatric population
Therapeutic Positioning
71
More on Therapeutic positioning:
used to **facilitate desired mvmt, inhibit unwanted tonal influenes, normalize tone, prevent contractures, enhance midline orientation, improve respiratory capacity**
72
Services and Benefits for Children w/ Disabilities | Legislation
Individuals w/ Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA), Rehabilitation Act, No Child Left Behind Act

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