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CPSA / Finals PACES high yield > Neuro High Yield > Flashcards

Neuro High Yield Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Unilateral UMN lesion (pyramidal weakness) ddx

A
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2
Q

Bilateral UMN (pyramidal weakness) ddx

A
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3
Q

Causes of unilateral LMN lesions

A
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4
Q

Bilateral LMN (distal weakness) w/abnormal sensation distally (i.e. sensorimotor polyneuropathy) ddx

A
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5
Q

Bilateral LMN (distal weakness) w/normal sensation (i.e. distal motor neuropathy) ddx

A
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6
Q

Bilateral LMN (distal weakness) w/acute flaccid paralysis ddx

A

GBS, rare infections e.g. rabies, polio, west nile, CES, spinal cord shock

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7
Q

Proximal weakness w/normal sensation ddx? (proximal myopathy)

A
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8
Q

Mononeuritis multiplex causes

A
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9
Q

UMN + LMN signs

A

Motor neurone disease (no sensory deficit)

Dual pathology (e.g. cervical myelopathy + polyneuropathy)

Myeloradiculopathy

Subacute combined degeneration of the cord (symmetrical UMN signs with absent reflexes, impaired posterior column function, peripheral sensory neuropathy)

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10
Q

Cerebellar disease causes

A
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11
Q

optic atrophy causes

A

Post-optic neuritis/MS, arteritic ischaemia (giant cell arteritis), microvascular ischaemia, compression (SOL, raised intracranial pressure), glaucoma, toxins (methanol, ethambutol), neuromyelitis optica

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12
Q

CN III palsy causes

A
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13
Q

CN VI palsy causes

A

Raised intracranial pressure, microvascular ischaemia, SOL, trauma

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14
Q

Unilateral facial nerve palsy causes

A

Bell’s palsy, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, SOL (e.g. acoustic neuroma, facial nerve tumour, meningioma), Lyme disease, nerve infiltration (TB, sarcoidosis, lymphoma), parotid tumour/surgery

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15
Q

Bilateral facial nerve palsy causes

A

Lyme disease, sarcoidosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, amyloidosis
Other differentials for bilateral facial weakness: muscular dystrophies, myasthenia gravis

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16
Q

Bulbar palsy (LMN) causes

A

Motor neurone disease, brainstem infarct/SOL, Guillain-Barré syndrome, polio, syringobulbia, neurosyphilis

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17
Q

Pseudobulbar palsy (UMN) causes

A

Motor neurone disease, high brainstem infarct/SOL, MS, bilateral internal capsule infarcts, traumatic brain injury, progressive supranuclear palsy

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18
Q

CN 3-6 palsies cause

A

cavernous sinus lesion, Miller-Fisher syndrome

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19
Q

CN 5-8 + cerebellar signs

A

cerebellopontine angle lesion

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20
Q

CN 9-10 + 11

A

jugular foramen syndrome

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21
Q

CN 9-10 + 12

A

pseudobulbar/bulbar palsy

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22
Q

CN 9-10 + Horner’s syndrome + cerebellar + sensory disturbance (ipsilateral face, contralateral body)

A

= lateral medullary (Wallenberg syndrome)

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23
Q

Complex ophthalmoplegia causes

A
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24
Q

Unilateral ptosis causes

A

Third nerve palsy (pupil ‘down and out’, dilated) – complete ptosis

Horner’s syndrome (pupil constricted) – partial ptosis

Idiopathic

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25
Bilateral ptosis causes
Myasthenia gravis Myotonic dystrophy (frontal balding, facial muscle wasting) Congenital Neurosyphilis (Argyll Robertson pupils)
26
Horner's syndrome causes
27
28
Chorea causes
stroke, Huntington’s disease, Sydenham’s chorea, drugs (e.g. antipsychotics, levodopa), HIV
29
Athetosis causes
asphyxia, neonatal jaundice, thalamic stroke
30
Dystonia causes
primary dystonia, brain trauma, drugs, Wilson’s disease, PD, Huntington’s disease, stroke, SOL, encephalitis, asphyxia
31
Myoclonus causes
epilepsy, essential myoclonus, metabolic, psychological, toxins/drugs, SOL, MS, PD, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
32
Parkinsonism causes
Parkinson’s disease Vascular parkinsonism Parkinson-plus syndromes: multi-system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobulbar degeneration, Lewy body dementia Other causes: antidopaminergic drugs, Wilson’s disease, communicating hydrocephalus, supratentorial tumours
33
What is pyramidal weakness and what are the types of lesions?
34
eye can't move laterally
CN6 lesions - abducens (lateral rectus)
35
eye can't move inferiorly when facing medially
CN4 lesion - trochlear nerve (superior oblique)
36
down and out position, dilated pupil
CN3 lesion
37
medical vs surgical CN III
medical = pupil sparing, usually secondary to ischaemic or vascular causes surgical = pupil involvement, secondary to compression of nerve often from aneurysm, tumours, or herniation
38
charcot marie tooth foot
39
foot drop
40
hip flexion
L2/L3
41
hip extension
L4/L5
42
knee extension
L3/L4
43
knee flexion
L5/S1
44
ankle dorsiflexion
L4/L5
45
ankle plantarflexion
S1/S2
46
big toe extension
L5
47
MRC power scale
5 = full power 4 = some resistance 3 = GRAVITY 2 = gravity eliminated 1 = flicker of muscle contraction 0 = nothing.
48
patellar reflex
L3/4
49
ankle reflex
S1/2
50
plantar reflex
big toe down = normal big toe up = UMN lesion
51
Cerebellar signs
Dysdiadochokinesis Ataxia Nystagmus Intention tremor Slurred speech Hypotonia
52
pain and temp
spinothalamic tract
53
light touch, proprioception and vibration
dorsal column
54
LL dermatomes
55
Brown-Sequard syndrome
56
shoulder abduction
C5
57
elbow flexion
C5/6
58
elbow extension
C7
59
wrist extension
C6
60
finger extension
C7
61
finger flexion
C8
62
finger abduction
T1
63
thumb abduction
T1
64
biceps reflex
C5/6
65
supinator
C5/6
66
triceps
C7/8
67
UL dermatomes
68
claw hand
ulnar nerve
69
wrist drop
radial nerve
70
median nerve
71
ulnar nerve
72
radial nerve
73
over DIP joint of index finger
median nerve
74
over DIP joint of little finger
ulnar nerve
75
anatomical snuffbox
radial nerve
76
Parkinson's disease tetrad
Tremor: Resting tremor, often "pill-rolling" type. Bradykinesia: Slowness of movement, difficulty initiating or completing movements. Rigidity: Muscle stiffness, often with "cogwheel" rigidity. Postural instability: Impaired balance, leading to frequent falls.
77
Common class of drugs that cause drug-induced parkinsonism
Antipsychotics (e.g., haloperidol, risperidone): Dopamine receptor antagonists. Antiemetics (e.g., metoclopramide, prochlorperazine): Dopamine antagonists. Dopamine-depleting drugs (e.g., reserpine).
78
sensory ataxia vs cerebellar ataxia
Sensory ataxia results from loss of sensation affecting movement coordination, while cerebellar ataxia is due to motor coordination issues from cerebellar dysfunction.

CPSA / Finals PACES high yield (8 decks)

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