Neuro II

Question 1

locus ceruleus

Answer 1

pons

source of NE

stress and panic

Question 2

ventral tegmentum

Answer 2

dopamine

Question 3

substantia nigra pars compacta

Answer 3

midbrain

dopamine

Question 4

raphe nuclei

Answer 4

serotonin

pons, medulla, midbrain

Question 5

basal nucleus of meynert

Answer 5

ACh

Question 6

nucleus accumbens

Answer 6

GABA

reward, pleasure, addiction, fear

Question 7

BBB

Answer 7

1 tight junction nonfenestrated capillary endo cells
2 BM
3 astrocyte foot processes

glucose and AA - carrier mediated transport
nonpolar lipid soluble - cross diffusion rapidly

Question 8

area postrema

Answer 8

vomiting center - CTZ

no BBB - allow blood fo affect brain function

Question 9

neurohypophysis

Answer 9

no BBB - ADH release

Question 10

hypothalamus nuclei

Answer 10

lateral - hunger - leptin
ventromedial - satiety - leptin
anterior - cooling - PS
posterior - heating - S
suprachiasmatic nucleus - circadian rhythm

Question 11

loss of lateral hypothalamus nuclei

Answer 11

anorexia

Question 12

loss of ventromedial hypothalamus nuclei

Answer 12

hyperphagia - eat alot

Question 13

sleep chemicals

Answer 13

SCN - NE release - pineal gland - melatonin

regulate suprachiasmatic nucleus - light

Question 14

extraocular movement during sleep

Answer 14

PPRF - paramedian pontine reticular formation

Question 15

REM sleep

Answer 15

lose motor tone
increased brain O2 use
variable pulse and BP

dreaming and boners

beta waves

Question 16

awake eyes closed

Answer 16

alpha waves on EEG

Question 17

awake eyes open

Answer 17

beta waves on EEG

high frequency
low amplitude

Question 18

non-REM sleep stages

Answer 18

N1 - light sleep - theta wave

N2 - deeper sleep - bruxism (grind teeth) - sleep spindle and K complexes

N3 - deepest non-REM sleep - slow wave sleep

• sleepwalking, night terror, bedwetting
• delta wave - low frequency, high amplitude

Question 19

decreased REM sleep

Answer 19

alcohol
benzos
barbs

decrease REM and delta wave sleep

NE - also decreases REM

Question 20

tx bedwetting

Answer 20

sleep enuresis

oral desmopressin

Question 21

tx night terror and sleep terror

Answer 21

benzos

Question 22

VPL

Answer 22

of thalamus

pain and temp
pressure, touch, vibration, proprioception

Question 23

VPM

Answer 23

of thalamus

face sensation, taste

Question 24

LGN

Answer 24

of thalamus

CN II - vision - to calcarine sulcus

Question 25

MGN

Answer 25

of thalamus superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum hearing - to auditory cortex

Question 26

VL

Answer 26

of thalamus basal ganglia and cerebellum motor information to motor cortex

Question 27

not through thalamus

Answer 27

olfaction

Question 28

limbic system

Answer 28

``` hippocampus amygdala fornix mammilary bodies cingulate gyrus ```

Question 29

osmotic demyelination syndrome

Answer 29

central pontine myelinosis locked in syndrome axonal demyelination in pontine white matter - osmotic from correcting hypoNa too quickly

Question 30

correct hyperNa too fast

Answer 30

cerebral edema | herniation

Question 31

cerebellum

Answer 31

input - contralateral output - contralateral - purkinje cells lateral lesion - fall toward injured side midline lesion - B/L motor deficit - axial and prox limb muscles

Question 32

striatum

Answer 32

putamen and caudate

Question 33

lentiform

Answer 33

putamen and globus pallidus

Question 34

basal ganglia pathways

Answer 34

direct - D1 - facilitate movement -GABA disinhibits thalamus indirect - D2 - inhibit movement dopamine - binds D1 - stimulate excitatory pathway -binds D2 - inhibiting inhibitory pathway GPi - globus pallidus internus - inhibits thalamus - so direct pathway inhibits this with GABA - and indirect pathway stimulate GPi - to inhibit thalmus

Question 35

athetosis

Answer 35

slow writhing movement basal ganglia lesion

Question 36

chorea

Answer 36

sudden jerky movement basal ganglia lesion

Question 37

dystonia

Answer 37

sustained involuntary contraction writer cramp blepharospasm (eyelid)

Question 38

essential tremor

Answer 38

high frequency tremor with sustained posture -worse with movement/stress pt self mediated EtOH tx - B-blocker and primidone

Question 39

hemiballism

Answer 39

sudden flailing of 1 arm and ipsi leg C/L subthalamic nucleus - lacunar stroke C/L lesion

Question 40

intention tremor

Answer 40

zigzag motion when pointing extending toward target cerebellar dysfunction

Question 41

myoclonus

Answer 41

sudden brief uncontrolled muscle contraction jerk, hiccup, renal and liver failure

Question 42

resting tremor

Answer 42

pill rolling - of parkinsons alleviated wth movement