Neuro Images Flashcards by Chelsie Price

Name the outer fibrous layer on this brain.

Dura mater

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What are these cells?

What do they line?

Ependymal cells

Line ventricles

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What is this structure and what is it’s function?

Choroid plexus

Function: produces CSF within the ventricles

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What type of cells are seen and what are their function?

Gitter cells (foamy cytoplasm)

Function: microglia that ingest myelin debris

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This image shows chromatolysis.

What is chromatolysis?

Degenerative change; dispersal of nissl substance

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What do the eosinophilic cells represent?

Neuronal necrosis

“Red is dead”

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Name & describe the pathologic process in this image.

Neuronophagia

Migroglia surround necrotic neuron & phagocytose it to remove the debris

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Name & describe this large cell shown here.

Spheroid

Focal axonal swelling filled with degenerate organelles - the first step to Wallerian degeneration

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Name the pathologic process.

Name & describe the predominant cell type.

Astrocytosis

Gemistocytic astrocytes: plump, reactive astrocytes with eosinophilic cytoplasm

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Name the pathologic process.

Name & describe the predominant cell type.

What are these cells typically seen with?

Astrocytosis

Alzheimer’s type II astrocytes: enlarged, vesicular nuclei

Typical of hepatic encephalopathy

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Name the pathologic process.

Hydrocephalus

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Name the pathologic process.

Hydrocephalus

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Name the pathologic process.

Hydrocephalus

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Name & describe the pathologic process (shown on right).

Microencephaly

Abnormally small brain

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Name the pathologic process and which species this is considered “pathologic”.

Lissencephaly

Pathologic for any domestic mammal

Non-pathologic for some mammals & everything else that is not a mammal

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Name & describe the pathologic process.

Prosencephalic hypoplasia (AKA cerebral aplasia)

Absence of the cerebral hemispheres with preservation of at least some portion of the brainstem

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Name & describe the pathologic process.

Prosencephalic hypoplasia (AKA cerebral aplasia)

Absence of the cerebral hemispheres with preservation of at least some portion of the brainstem

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Name & describe the pathologic processes.

Cranium bifidum & meningoencephalocele

Cranium bifidum: defect through which the brain/spinal cord and meninges can protrude; almost always on dorsal midline

Meningoencephalocele: herniation of meninges and brain/spinal cord

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Name & describe the pathologic processes.

Cranium bifidum & meningoencephalocele

Cranium bifidum: defect through which the brain/spinal cord and meninges can protrude; almost always on dorsal midline

Meningoencephalocele: herniation of meninges and brain/spinal cord

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Name & describe the pathologic processes.

Cranium bifidum & meningocele

Cranium bifidum: defect through which the brain/spinal cord and meninges can protrude; almost always on dorsal midline

Meningocele: herniation of meninges

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Name & describe the pathologic processes.

Spina bifida & meningocele

Spina bifida: defect through which the brain/spinal cord and meninges can protrude; almost always on dorsal midline

Meningocele: herniation of meninges

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Name & describe the pathologic process.

Spina bifida

Spina bifida: defect through which the brain/spinal cord and meninges can protrude; almost always on dorsal midline

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Name & describe the pathologic process.

Hydranencephaly

Near complete or complete absence of the cerebral hemispheres,
leaving fluid-filled sacs formed by the meninges filled with CSF

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Name & describe the pathologic process.

Porencephaly

Cystic cavitation of the brain, usually involving cerebral white matter

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Name the pathologic process. What 4 disease can this be seen with?

**Cerebellar hypoplasia** BVDV (day 100-170 gestation), feline panleukopenia, border disease, classical swine fever

Name the pathologic process & inciting cause.

**Cyclopia** _Cause_: ingestion of Veratrum californicum

Name the pathologic process. What gross finding here suggests this?

**Cerebral edema** Flattening of gyri/sulci

Name the pathologic process. What gross finding here suggests this?

**Cerebral edema** Cerebellar herniation

Name the pathologic process & inciting cause. Which cells are most sensitive to these type of lesions?

**Infarct** _Cause_: vascular occlusion (uncommon in domestic animals) _Most sensitive_: oligodendroglia, neurona

This image shows a fibrocartilaginous emobolism. Where is the fibrocartilaginous material thought originate from? Describe clinical presentation.

Material thought to arise from **nucleus pulposus** of intervertebral disc _Clinical presentation_: typically assymetric spinal cord signs, non-progressive after 24-48h

Name & describe the pathologic process. What species does this affect? What are some suspected underlying causes?

**Polioencephalomalacia****:** necrosis of grey matter of the brain _Species_: sheep, goats, cattle _Underlying causes_: deficiency in thiamine, disturbance in thiamine metabolism, high sulfur intake or water deprivation

Name & describe the pathologic process. What clinical signs are associated with this disease?

**Polioencephalomalacia****:** necrosis of grey matter of the brain _Clinical signs:_ blindness, dullness, head pressing, anorexia, muscle tremors, opisthotonos, recumbency, bruxism, ptyalism, nystagmus, coma, death

Name & describe the pathologic process. What species does this affect? What are some suspected underlying causes?

Name & describe the pathologic process. What clinical signs are associated with this disease?

**Polioencephalomalacia****:** necrosis of grey matter of the brain _Clinical signs_: blindness, dullness, head pressing, anorexia, muscle tremors, opisthotonos, recumbency, bruxism, ptyalism, nystagmus, coma, death

Name the etiology & species. What are the associated clinical signs & lesions?

**Thiamine deficiency** in cats _Clinical signs_: ataxia, neck ventroflexion, incoordination, mydriasis, convulsions _Lesions_: hemorrhage, necrosis and neuropil vacuolation predominantly in periventricular grey matter

Name the etiology. What are the associated clinical signs & lesions?

**Salt poisoning** _Clinical signs_: blindness, deafness, head pressing, convulsions _Lesions_: cerebral edema, laminar cortical necrosis, nonsuppurative and eosinophilic meningoencephalitis

Name & describe the pathologic process Name the species & etiology. What are the associated clinical signs?

**Nigropallidal encephalomalacia:** malacia in globus pallidus & substantia nigra _Species_: horses _Etiology_: ingestion of yellow star thistle (Centaurea solistitialis) & Russian knapweed (Centaurea repens) _Clinical signs_: somnolence, incoordination of lips and tongue that leads to difficulty prehending food, persistent chewing motions; death often from starvation/dehydration

Name & describe the pathologic process. Name the species & etiology.

**Leukoencephalomalacia**: necrosis of cerebral white matter _Species_: horses _Etiology_: moldy corn consumption \>1mo. (fumonisin toxin produced from Fusarium verticilloides & F. proliferatum) _Clinical signs_: circling, somnolence, visual impairment, weakness, pharyngeal paralysis; usually die 2-3 days after the onset of CS

Name & describe the pathologic process. Name the species & etiology.

This image shows white matter edema. This is a consequence of what pathologic process in dogs?

**Lead poisoning**

This image shows demyelination. This is a consequence of what pathologic process in dogs?

**Lead poisoning**

Name the pathologic process, including the species & etiology. What is this commonly secondary to in young animals?

**Equine bacterial meningitis** Commonly secondary to _septicemia_ in young animals

Name the pathologic process, including the species & etiology. What is this commonly secondary to in young animals?

**Equine bacterial meningitis** Commonly secondary to _septicemia_ in young animals

Name the pathologic process, including the species & etiology. What is this commonly secondary to in young animals?

**Calf bacterial meningitis** Commonly secondary to _septicemia_ in young animals

Name the pathologic process, including the species. What was the underlying etiology in this case?

**Pig purulent bacterial meningitis** Secondary to otitis media/interna

Name the pathologic process & most common locations. Name the common agents for pig, cattle, & all species in general.

**Abscesses from septic embolism (bacterial infection)** _Most common locations_: hypothalamus & junction of cerebral grey & white matter _Agents_: Pigs - E. rhusiopathiae Cattle - T. pyogenes All - Streptococcus

Name the pathologic process, species & most common locations.

**Abscesses from septic embolism (bacterial infection)** in a goat brain _Most common locations_: hypothalamus & junction of cerebral grey & white matter

Name the pathologic process, species & most common locations.

**Abscesses from septic embolism (bacterial infection)** in a goat brain _Most common locations_: hypothalamus & junction of cerebral grey & white matter

Name the pathologic process, etiology & most common pathogenesis. Which species is most commonly affected? Outbreaks are usually associated with what event? Where are lesions most commonly located?

**Listeriosis**: *Listeria monocytogenes* _Pathogenesis_*:* invade oral cavity, then ascend trigeminal nerve to brainstem _Species_: most commonly ruminants _Outbreaks_: heavy feeding of silage _Lesion location_: brainstem

Name the pathologic process & etiology. What species are affected? Describe the pathophysiology. Gross & histologic lesions?

**Infectious thrombotic meningoencephalitis (ITME)** _Etiology_: Histophilus somni (normally in genital tract & nasal cavity) _Species_: cattle (young in feedlots), sheep _Pathophysiology_: septicemia → cerebral vasculitis with hemorrhage, necrosis and thrombosis _Gross lesions_: RANDOM multifocal hemorrhage, necrosis _Histo lesions_: vasculitis, thrombosis, infarction, neutrophilic meningoencephalitis, +/- abscesses

This image is typical of **viral infections.** What are some general histological characteristics of viral infections?

Non-suppurative meningoencephalitis +/- myelitis Perivascular cuffing (shown here) Gliosis +/- viral inclusions, neuronal degeneration/necrosis

This is bovine rabies. Rabies has a predilection for which tissue?

_Saliavary gland & CNS_

This is bovine rabies. Where are Negri bodies most oftening found in herbivores (shown here)?

**Purkinje cells**

This is canine rabies. Where are Negri bodies most oftening found in carnivores?

**Hippocampus**

Name the etiology associated with this lesion.

"Mad itch"/dermatitis lesions associated with **pseudorabies**

This is a histological image of pseudorabies in a pig. What histological findings are seen with pseudorabies?

_Histo findings_: nonsuppurative encephalitis, gliosis, neuronal degeneration, intranuclear inclusion bodies in neurons & astrocytes

Name the disease that causes these clinical findings. What histologic lesions would you expect to see? Clinical signs in kids vs adults?

**Caprine encephalitis virus (CAEV)** _Histo lesions_: non-suppurative leukoencephalomyelitis (shown here), demyelination _CS kids_: neuro signs if 2-4 m/o _CS adults:_ arthritis, mastitis, pneumonia

This image is typical presentation for what disease affecting sheep? What histo lesions would you expect to see? At what age do you expect to see the neurological form of the disease? What are some other non-neurological clinical signs associated with this disease?

**Maedi-Visna Virus (MVV)** _Histo lesions_: non-suppurative meningoencephalitis most severely affecting the white matter, demyelination **Neuro disease in sheep \>2 y/o** - hindlimb ataxia, trembling lips, progressing to hindlimb paralysis, death secondary to starvation/infection _Other CS_: pneumonia, mastitis, arthritis

Name the disease that characteristically (although, rarely) causes hyperkeratinization.

**Canine distemper vrius**

This is a histological image from a dog with distemper virus. What histo lesions are associated with this virus?

_Histo_: nonsuppurative encephalitis, gliosis, neuronal necrosis, intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions primarily in astrocytes, white matter demyalination

Name the pathologic process shown here & specific etiology/disease. What histo lesions would you expect to see?

_Gross pathologic process_: multifocal hemorrhage _Etiology/disease_: viral → **Equine Herpesviral Myeloencephalopathy** _Histo lesions_: non-suppurative necrotizing vasculitis & thrombosis

Name the organism shown. What species does it affect? Describe the pathophysiology (how it starts & reaches brain).

**Cryptococcus neoformans** _Species_: cats, dogs, horses _Pathophysiology_: begins as nasal/sinus infection → enters brain directly via cribiform plate **OR** pulmonary infection → hematogenous spread to brain

Name the specific disease. What are the gross & histologic findings you would expect to see with this?

**Cryptococcal encephalitis** _Gross lesions_: grey, gelatinous foci in brain and meninges _Histo lesions_: variable inflammatory response — none to granulomatous inflammation; thick, non-staining mucopolysaccharide capsule which imparts a ‘soap-bubble’ appearance

Name the specific disease. What are the gross & histologic findings you would expect to see with this?

Name the specific disease. From this image, what was likely the route of infection?

**Cryptococcal rhinitis & encephalitis** _Route of infection:_ nasal/sinus infection → cribiform plate → brain

Name the disease process & specific etiology. What gross & histologic lesions would you expect to see?

**Equine protozoal encephalomyelitis** _Etiology_: Sarcocystis neurona _Gross lesions:_ none or hemorrhage & necrosis (shown here) _Histo lesions:_ hemorrhage, necrosis, perivascular cuffs of lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and **eosinophils**; astrocytosis

Name the disease process & specific etiology of these lesions.

**Equine protozoal encephalomyelitis** _Etiology_: Sarcocystis neurona

These gross findings are consistent with what disease? What is the specific etiology? In what conditions (of the patient) is infection with this agent usually seen?

**Toxoplasmosis** _Etiology_: Toxoplasma gondii Infection often seen with immunosuppressive conditions

Name the organism & disease. What other histologic findings would you expect in a dog?

*Neospora canis* **Neosporosis** _Histo findings_: mixed inflammatory (granulomatous and lymphoplasmacytic, occasionally with eosinophils) meningoencephalomyelitis, gliosis

Describe the lesion(s) present. Name the two diseases associated with these gross findings. What is the speculated etiology?

Bilateral, assymetrical lesions in cerebral cortex Seen with **necrotizing meningoencephilitis (NME) & leukoencephalitis (NLE)** _Speculated etiology_: autoimmune, but unknown

Name the category of disease & specific disease characterized by neuronal vacuolization. How is this transmitted? What are the associated histological lesions?

Spongiform diseases or TSEs **Scrapie (ovine spongiform encephalopathy)** _Transmission_: horizontal via consumption of infected feed material _Histo lesions_: intracytoplasmic neuronal vacuolation, astrocytosis

Name & describe the pathology.

**Meningioma** Tumor located on meningial surface of CNS - well-demarcated, encapsulated, expansile, grey-white to red-brown

Name & describe the pathology.

**Meningioma** Tumor located on meningial surface of CNS - well-demarcated, encapsulated, expansile, grey-white to red-brown

Name & describe the pathology. What lobes of the brain are most commonly affected?

**Astrocytoma** Poorly-demarcated, firm, grey-white masses in white matter and grey matter _Most common lobes:_ pyriform & temporal

Name & describe the pathology. What lobes of the brain are most commonly affected?

**Astrocytoma** Poorly-demarcated, firm, grey-white masses in white matter and grey matter _Most common lobes:_ pyriform & temporal

Name & describe the pathology.

**Oligodendroglioma** Grey to pink-red, soft to gelatinous mass in white matter or grey matter of cerebrum & brainstem

Name & describe the pathology.

**Oligodendroglioma** Grey to pink-red, soft to gelatinous mass in white matter or grey matter of cerebrum & brainstem

Name the pathology.

**Metastatic hemangiosarcoma**

Name the pathology.

**Metastatic melanoma**

This is tissue from an ox. Name the pathology.

**Cerebellar asplasia/hypoplasia**

This is tissue from a dog. Name the pathologies present.

**Cerebellar hypoplasia AND lissencephaly**

This is tissue from a dog. Name the pathology.

**Oligodendroglioma** (usually one) ## Footnote *vs. cryptococcal meningoencephalitis (usually multifocal)*

This is tissue from an ox. Name the pathology.

**Listeriosis** (brainstem lesion!)

This is tissue from an ox. Name the pathology.

**Suppurative meningitis** | (grey/tan obscuring vessels)

This is tissue from a dog. Name the pathology.

**Choroid plexus carcinoma**

This is tissue from a dog. Name the pathology.

**Hydrocephalus**

This is tissue from an ox. Name the pathology.

**Hydromyelia**

This is tissue from a horse. Name the pathology.

**Leukoencephalomalacia** | (white matter affected)

This is tissue from a cat. Name the pathology.

**Cerebellar herniation** (cerebellum past the point of foramen magnum)

This is tissue from a cat. Name the pathology.

**Meningioma** (attached to dura, causing cerebellar compression)

This is tissue from a pig. Name the pathology.

**Meningocele**

This is tissue from a horse. Name the pathology.

**Hydranencephaly** (no cerebrum, sac of meninges filled with CSF)

This is tissue from a horse. Name the pathology.

**Thoracic vertebral compression fracture** with compression of spinal cord

This is tissue from an ox (brain is fixed). Name the pathology (disease & etiology).

**Infectious thrombotic meningoencephalitis (ITME)** _Etiology_: Histophilus somni (lesions should be red)

This is tissue from an ox. Name the pathology.

**Polioencephalomalacia** | (lesions in grey matter)

This is tissue from a dog. Name the pathology.

**Subdural hematoma**

This is tissue from a deer. Name the pathology.

**Brain abscess** (technically, encephalitis too)

Neuro Images Flashcards

(97 cards)