Cardio Concepts Flashcards
(48 cards)
Normal function of the right heart
Takes O2 POOR blood from body to lungs
Function of the left heart
Takes O2 RICH blood from lungs to body
Causes of LHF (4 major themes)
Loss of contractility: myocarditis, myocardial necrosis, CM
Valvular insufficiency: mitral, aortic = incr. preload
Valvular stenosis: aortic = incr. afterload
Systemic hypertension = incr. afterload
Sequelae of LHF
Pulmonary congestion, edema and fibrosis
Hemosiderosis
Causes of RHF
Valvular insufficiency: tricuspid, pulmonic = incr. preload
Pulmonary hypertension = incr. afterload
Valvular stenosis: pulmonic = incr. afterload
Sequelae of RHF
Hepatic passive congestion Pleural/pericardial effusion Congestion of GI tract > diarrhea Ascites = dogs Hydrothorax = cats SQ edema = horses, ruminants
Cor pulmonale
RHF secondary to pulmonary disease
Ex: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HWD, PTE, neoplasia
Describe cardiac skeleton composition in each of the following species: pigs, cats, dogs, horses and ruminants
Pigs/cats = dense, fibrous connective tissue Dogs = fibrocartilage Horses = hyaline cartilage Ruminants = bone
What is heart failure?
End point of numerous diseases in which compensatory mechanisms have been exhausted leading to:
decr contractility, decr compliance, dys/arrhythmias
Hypertrophy is due to chronic ____ overload, and dilation is due to chronic ___ overload.
Hypertrophy = pressure Dilation = volume
Cardiac syncope
Acute HF
Arrhythmias, necrosis, changes in BP/HR leading to collapse, loss of consciousness and death
Congestive heart failure
Chronic loss of pumping ability
Forward or backward failure - then eventually full failure
Cycle of cardiac decompensation
Decompensation leads to hypoxia
Hypoxia > RAAS/renin release > Na/H2O retention > incr plasma vol > edema
Hypoxia > EPO > polycythemia > incr viscosity
Pathologic consequences of hypertrophy
Decreased contractility, ventricular relaxation and compliance
Leads to increased end-diastolic pressure
Concentric hypertrophy: definition, main cause, examples
Def: incr in mass WITHOUT incr in end-diastolic volume
Cause: incr afterload
Ex: aortic stenosis, pulmonic stenosis, pulmonary hypertension with PDA, cats with hyperthyroidism (systemic hypertension)
Eccentric hypertrophy: definition, main cause, examples
Def: incr in mass w/ dilation WITH incr end-diastolic volume
Cause: incr preload
Ex: AV/semilunar valvular insufficiency, AV shunt
Congenital abnormalities in dogs
PDA
Pulmonic stenosis
Sub-abortion stenosis
Congenital abnormalities in cows
A/V septal defects (VSD)
Transposition of main vessles
Congenital abnormalities in pigs
Sub-aortic stenosis
Endocardium cushion defects = AV septum
Congenital abnormalities in cats
Endocardium cushion defects = AV septum
Left AV valvular insufficiency (mitral)
Congenital abnormalities in horses
Uncommon
After how many days is the ductus arteriosis considered “patent”?
If no closure after 5 days
In general, valvular insufficiencies result in ______ ______ in ventricles.
Increased preload
In general, semilunar valvular stenosis, outflow tract stenosis and hypertension _______ _______ in the ventricle.
Increase afterload
