neuro introduction

Question 1

what is clinical neuroscience?

Answer 1

the scientific study of disorder and disease of the nervous system

Question 2

clinical neurosceince is the combination of which three overlapping disciplines?

Answer 2

neurology
psychiatry
neuroscience

Question 3

what is neurology?

Answer 3

medical specialty encompassing diseases, conditions and infections of the nervous system

Question 4

what parts of the body does neurology study?

Answer 4

brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

Question 5

neurology is associated with what kind of changes in the nervous system? are they obvious?

Answer 5

physical changes; yes! can see and identify

Question 6

what is psychiatry?

Answer 6

medical specialty encompassing the diagnosis treatment and prevention of mental illness

Question 7

what kind of disorders does psychiatry cover?

Answer 7

addiction and substance use disorder

Question 8

psychiatry is associated with what kind of changes in the nervous system? are they obvious?

Answer 8

physical changes; no! not obvious and cannot be seen

Question 9

what is neuroscience?

Answer 9

scientific study of the brain and nervous system

Question 10

what are the possible divisions of neuroscience?

Answer 10

molecular
cellular
cognitive
psychophysics
computational

Question 11

are changes in neuroscience able to be seen and identified?

Answer 11

sometimes! include both inorganic (cannot be seen) and organic (can be seen) causes

Question 12

in the 17th century, what did scholars begin looking at?

Answer 12

scientific study of the brain and nervous system

Question 13

from the 19th and 20th century, what did the scientific studies of the brain and nervous system seperate into?

Answer 13

neurology and psychiatry

Question 14

what did psychiatry create the study of?

Answer 14

neuroscience

Question 15

when did clinical neuroscience become a study?

Answer 15

21st century

Question 16

in approximately 300BC, what was the early idea of brain function?

Answer 16

the brain is the major controlling center of the body, not the heart

Question 17

in 350BC, what did aristotle think the brain did?

Answer 17

cool the passions of the heart

Question 18

in approximately 100BC, what was the early idea of brain function? what dominant theorist proposed this?

Answer 18

galen introduced the idea of spirits (pneumata) circulating between the liver, heart, and brain

Question 19

what did galen think was in the brain, and not the heart?

Answer 19

seat of the “rational soul”
- brain is the centre for perceptions and actions

Question 20

how long did galen’s ideas dominate in thinking about brain function?

Answer 20

1500 years

Question 21

who was al-zahrawi, when his theories dominated, and what did he create the first description of?

Answer 21

pioneer of neruosurgery from 936-1013; surgery to relieve hydrocephalus

Question 22

who was avicenna, when his theories dominated, and what was his early identification of?

Answer 22

father of modern medicine from 980-1037; schizophrenia

Question 23

who was andreus vesalius, when did his theories dominate, and what did he discover?

Answer 23

founded modern medicine by dissecting humans from 1514-1564; critical features of galen’s anatomy were correct, and did not look at the brain

Question 24

who was rene descartes, when did his theories dominate, and what did he recognize?

Answer 24

focussed on perceptions of the outside world from 1596-1650; existence of reflexes

Question 25

what were the three major concepts promotes by descartes?

Answer 25

1. only humans has a thinking mind 2. dualism 3. mind and body interact in the pinneal gland

Question 26

if descrates thought that only humans have a thinking mind, what did he think animals were?

Answer 26

complex stimulus-response machines

Question 27

what is dualism?

Answer 27

mind and body are separate

Question 28

were the three major concepts promoted by descartes true?

Answer 28

no! they were all false

Question 29

during what time period did scientific thinking flourish?

Answer 29

the renaissance

Question 30

the renaissance was driven by the idea that..?

Answer 30

natural laws can explain the workings of the material world

Question 31

when did luigi galvanti's theories dominate, and what did he obtain indirect evidence for?

Answer 31

1737-1798; intrinsic electrical activity in the nervous system (remove spirits to replace with electrical impulses)

Question 32

who was the founder of modern neurology and the first neuroscientist?

Answer 32

jean-martin charcot

Question 33

what did charcot carefully examined the ________ _______ in _______________

Answer 33

nervous system; postmortems (people with organic disease)

Question 34

charcot described and classified many disorders, these include?

Answer 34

multiple sclerosis parkinson's amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Question 35

when did santiago ramon cajal theories dominate and what did he discover?

Answer 35

1852-1934; structure of individual nerve cells + unidirectional flow of information along nerve cells

Question 36

when did charles sherrington's theories dominate and what did he recognize in behaviour?

Answer 36

1857-1952; behaviour could be explained by networks of neurons

Question 37

charles sherrington stressed the idea that?

Answer 37

complex behaviour could be reduced to simpler components

Question 38

what did charles sherrington discover, and what term did he introduce?

Answer 38

inhibition of the nervous system; synapse

Question 39

who was ivan pavlov, when did his theories dominate, and what did he discover?

Answer 39

founding of biopsychology from 1849-1936; set the stage for the study or brain behaviour relationships

Question 40

who was b.f. skinner, when did his theories dominate, and what did he study?

Answer 40

behaviourist from 1904-1990; process of human memory and disorders

Question 41

what did b.f. skinner develop to study memory?

Answer 41

skinner box: reinforces after delivering a desired response to get closer to the target behaviour, and punishing wrong responses. shapes behaviour

Question 42

who the neuroscientists after WWII?

Answer 42

rita levi-montalcini, brenda milner, and ben barres

Question 43

what did rita levi-montalcin identify?

Answer 43

NGF as critical for neuronal survival and outgrowth

Question 44

what did brenda milner identify?

Answer 44

hippocampus for the formation of memory

Question 45

what did ben barres identify?

Answer 45

foundational studies on the importance of glia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes for proper CNS function