Neuro Lecture 2

Question 1

two types of encapsulated receptors in muscles are:

Answer 1

muscle spindles- detect muscle length

golgi tendon organs- detect muscle tension

Question 2

what is a dermatome?

Answer 2

an area of the skin supplied by nerves of a single spinal root

Question 3

the posterior intermediate sulcus is in ___ and ____ levels; partially divides the posterior funiculi

Answer 3

cervical; thoracic

Question 4

posterior intermediate sulcus is only found in spinal cord levels above ____

Answer 4

T6

Question 5

____ is in lamina II of the posterior horn of the spinal cord and is important in pain

Answer 5

substantia gelatinosa

Question 6

____ and _____ relay sensory signals

Answer 6

lamina I and lamina V

Question 7

what happens if lower motor neurons or alpha motor neurons are injured?

Answer 7

flaccid paralysis, limp weak muscles, muscle atrophies

Question 8

axial muscles are innervated from ____ clusters of alpha motor neurons

Answer 8

medial

Question 9

limb muscles are innervated from ____ clusters of alpha neurons

Answer 9

lateral

Question 10

two specialized columns in anterior horn at cervical levels

Answer 10

spinal accessory nucleus and phrenic nucleus

Question 11

spinal accessory nucleus spans from ____ to ____ and forms the accessory nerve

Answer 11

caudal medulla to C5

Question 12

phrenic nucleus which innervates the ____ is located in _____; makes cervical cord injury serious bc pt cannot breathe

Answer 12

diaphragm; C3-C5

Question 13

preganglionic sympathetic neurons all located in _____; most are located in the _____ cell column, which is a lateral extension of gray matter

Answer 13

T1-L3; intermediolateral

Question 14

axons from the intermediolateral cell column leave the spinal cord through _____

Answer 14

ventral roots

Question 15

sacral parasympathetic nuclei are in ____ of the spinal cord; leave the cord through ____ and supply pelvic viscera

Answer 15

S2-S4

Question 16

clarke’s nucleus is a collection of neurons on the ____ surface of the intermediate gray matter from ____

Answer 16

medial; T1-L2

Question 17

clarke’s nucleus is a relay nucleus for transmission of information to the ____ and contains proprioceptive information from the ____

Answer 17

cerebellum; leg

Question 18

tract of spinal cord regression during development

Answer 18

filum terminale

Question 19

conus medullaris extends to the ____ interspace

Answer 19

L1-L2

Question 20

the filum terminale consists of ___ and ____ that extend from the conus medullaris to the coccyx

Answer 20

pia; arachnoid

Question 21

cauda equina consists of ___ and _____ and occupies the lumbar cistern

Answer 21

dorsal and ventral roots

Question 22

____ stabilize the spinal cord laterally and consist of ____ extensions

Answer 22

denticulate ligaments; pia-arachnoid

Question 23

filum terminale is a ___ extension that anchors conus medullaris to the end of the ___ and then to the ____

Answer 23

pial; dural sheath; coccyx

Question 24

layers from outside to inside of spinal cord

Answer 24

epidural space- contains venous plexus
dura mater- outermost covering
arachnoid- forms layer under the dura
subarachnoid space- between the arachnoid and pia; contains trabeculae and CSF
pia mater- intimate with cord; forms denticulate ligaments

Question 25

all reflexes involve interneurons except the _____ because it is a ____ reflex

Answer 25

stretch reflex; monosynaptic

Question 26

acetylcholine is used in which synapses?

Answer 26

acetylcholine is used in both parasympathetic synapses and the 1st sympathetic synapse

Question 27

____ is used in the 2nd sympathetic synapse, EXCEPT for _____

Answer 27

norepinephrine; sweat glands (which use acetylcholine)

Question 28

preganglionic sympathetics from intermediolateral cell column of T1-L2/3 travel in spinal nerve to ____, _____, or the _____

Answer 28

sympathetic chain; prevertebral ganglia; adrenal gland

Question 29

preganglionic parasympathetic neurons are located in the ____ and _____

Answer 29

brainstem; sacral spinal cord

Question 30

preganglionic parasympathetic neurons are located in which brainstem nuclei?

Answer 30

CN III, VII, IX, and X

Question 31

preganglionic parasympathetics travel in ____ and ____ nerves and go to _____

Answer 31

cranial; sacral; thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic viscera

Question 32

CN III course

Answer 32

EW nucleus (midbrain) --> ciliary ganglion --> pupillary constrictor muscle (accommodation for near vision)

Question 33

CN VII course

Answer 33

superior salivary nucleus (pons) --> pterygopalatine ganglion --> lacrimal gland superior salivatory nucleus --> submandibular ganglion --> submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

Question 34

CN IX course

Answer 34

inferior salivatory nucleus (medulla) --> otic ganglion --> parotid salivatory gland (produces thin, watery mucous)

Question 35

CN X course

Answer 35

``` DMNX (medulla) --> wall of GI tract/gut derivatives (increases gut peristalsis/gastric secretion) nucleus ambiguus (medulla) --> wall of the heart (reduces heart rate/blood pressure) ```

Question 36

vagus n. innervates viscera from:

Answer 36

thorax to transverse colon

Question 37

S2-4 parasympathetics innervate viscera from:

Answer 37

transverse colon to rectum; includes bladder, uterus, etc.

Question 38

preganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies in the sacral spinal cord are located in the ____ horn and exit through the ____; course within _____

Answer 38

lateral; ventral root; pelvic splanchnic nerves

Question 39

postganglionic sympathetic fibers reach the head via ____ and ____

Answer 39

superior cervical ganglion; carotid plexus