Neuro Lecture 3

Question 1

the corticospinal tract forms the ____ on the anterior aspect of the medulla and the ____ in the midbrain

Answer 1

pyramids; middle half of the cerebral peduncles

Question 2

all brainstem levels rostral to the obex have 3 areas:

Answer 2

1. tectum- posterior to ventricle
2. tegmentum- anterior to ventricle
3. stuff added anteriorly

Question 3

the ____ has the most tectum

Answer 3

midbrain

Question 4

the stuff added anteriorly has ____ functions and consists of what in each level?

Answer 4

conduit; cerebral peduncles in the midbrain, basal pons in the pons, and the pyramids and inferior olivary nucleus in the medulla

Question 5

the tegmentum contains the ____ and ____ functions

Answer 5

Cranial nerve; reticular formation (integrative functions) of the brainstem

Question 6

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) rootlet exits medulla via ____, lateral to the pyramid

Answer 6

anterolateral sulcus or preolivary sulcus

Question 7

rootlets of IX and X nerves exit the medulla via the ____, lateral to the olive

Answer 7

postolivary sulcus

Question 8

tectum of the midbrain contains the ____ and ____

Answer 8

superior colliculus (rostral midbrain- visual function); inferior colliculus (caudal midbrain-auditory function)

Question 9

markers of the caudal (closed) medulla

Answer 9

• central canal
• gracile and cuneate nuclei and tracts
• pyramidal decussation

Question 10

markers of rostral (open) medulla

Answer 10

• fourth ventricle
• inferior olivary nucleus (in olive)
• XII nucleus
• pyramids
• medial lemniscus (feet down, vertically oriented)

Question 11

markers of caudal pons

Answer 11

ICP
MCP
medial lemniscus- horizontal with feet down
fourth ventricle present

Question 12

markers of rostral pons

Answer 12

SCP
medial lemniscus- horizontal with feet lateral, approaching STT
small ventricular space- opening of cerebral aqueduct

Question 13

the _____ decussate in the caudal midbrain

Answer 13

superior cerebellar peduncles

Question 14

after decussating, most SCP fibers end in the _____

Answer 14

red nucleus

Question 15

nucleus that contains neurons that use dopamine as a neurotransmitter and heavily innervate the caudate and putamen of the cerebrum; neuronal loss results in parkinson’s disease

Answer 15

substantia nigra

Question 16

caudal midbrain markers

Answer 16

inferior colliculi
CN IV nucleus
decussation of SCP

Question 17

rostral midbrain markers

Answer 17

superior colliculi
red nucleus
substantia nigra
CN III nucleus

Question 18

___ and ____ brainstem supplied by perforating branches

Answer 18

anterior; medial

Question 19

____ supply lateral brainstem and cerebellum

Answer 19

circumferential arteries

Question 20

the reticular formation extends into the cerebrum as the ____

Answer 20

hypothalamus

Question 21

RF important in the regulation of:

Answer 21

• posture
• some stereotypic motor behaviors
• regulating internal environment
• pain regulation
• sleep and wakefulness
• emotional tone

Question 22

most ascending and descending projections are in the ____ zone of the reticular formation

Answer 22

medial (paramedian)

Question 23

lateral zone of RF is prominent in rostral medulla/caudal pons and is primarily involved in _____ and ____

Answer 23

cranial nerve reflexes; visceral functions

Question 24

two reticulospinal tracts involved in movement control:

Answer 24

1. medial (pontine) reticulospinal tract- from pontine RF to anterior horn
2. lateral (medullary) reticulospinal tract- from medullary RF to anterior horn

Question 25

brainstem RF gaze centers

Answer 25

- midbrain vertical gaze center | - pontine horizontal gaze center

Question 26

pattern generator for mastication

Answer 26

supratrigeminal nucleus in the pons

Question 27

locomotion pattern generator

Answer 27

in the pons

Question 28

heart rate, respiration, swallowing/vomiting pattern generators

Answer 28

in the medulla "vital center"

Question 29

PAG receives pain info from _____ fibers; also gets input from ____, ____ and ____

Answer 29

spinomesencephalic; hypothalamus, cortex, amygdala

Question 30

one way opiates work to control pain is to activate ____ at multiple levels

Answer 30

PAG-raphe

Question 31

opiate receptos abundant in ___, ____ and _____

Answer 31

PAG; raphe; posterior horn of spinal cord

Question 32

raphe can inhibit ____ directly or indirectly by activating ____ that inhibit it. can also directly inhibit _____

Answer 32

STT; interneurons; pain afferents

Question 33

midbrain and pons RF get input from multiple sensory modalities (i.e. pain, spinoreticular fibers); project to _____, which project diffusely to ____ to heighten arousal and consciousness

Answer 33

thalamic intralaminar nuclei; cortex

Question 34

RF-thalamic intralaminar nuclear projections to cortex and _____ work together to modulate cortical activity

Answer 34

monoamine (serotonin and norepinephrine) reticular projections

Question 35

RF maintains consciousness with the _____

Answer 35

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

Question 36

chemicals in the BS

Answer 36

norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine

Question 37

chemical in the hypothalamus

Answer 37

histamine containing neurons

Question 38

chemical in the telencephalon

Answer 38

acetylcholine

Question 39

noradrenergic neurons in the:

Answer 39

medulla and rostral pons

Question 40

noradrenergic neurons in the medulla are in the ____ for _____ and in the ____ for _____

Answer 40

solitary nucleus; memory enhancement; ventrolateral medulla; pain regulation to the spinal cord

Question 41

noradrenergic neurons in the rostral pons are in _____, which has projections to the cortex for _____

Answer 41

locus ceruleus; arousal/vigilance and attention

Question 42

descending NE fibers to _____ and ascending NE fibers to _____

Answer 42

spinal trigeminal nucleus and spinal cord; all areas of cortex

Question 43

clinical depression caused by:

Answer 43

decreased levels of NE; locus ceruleus neuron activity reduced

Question 44

____ patients often suffer from depression bc locus ceruleus neurons are lost

Answer 44

parkinson's disease

Question 45

panic disorder caused by:

Answer 45

increased levels of norepinephrine

Question 46

dopaminergic neurons in the _____

Answer 46

midbrain

Question 47

dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain are in _____ and ______

Answer 47

substantia nigra (putamen and caudate); ventral tegmental area (limbic system)

Question 48

2 components of ventral tegmental area dopaminergic projections

Answer 48

mesocortical fibers- organized thinking and planning; heavy projections to cortex mesolimbis fibers- projections to amygdala, nucleus accumbens; emotional reward, drug dependency

Question 49

low levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex causes:

Answer 49

social withdrawal (in schizophrenia)

Question 50

high levels of dopamine in the limbic system causes:

Answer 50

hallucinations

Question 51

drugs that ____ the level of dopamine are effective in reducing hallucinations

Answer 51

lower

Question 52

serotonergic neurons located in pretty much all BS levels in _____

Answer 52

raphe

Question 53

midbrain raphe nuclei to:

Answer 53

all regions of cortex

Question 54

medullary raphe nuclei to:

Answer 54

spinal cord for pain suppression

Question 55

low levels of serotonin characterized by

Answer 55

- high carb consumption | - binge eating

Question 56

high levels of serotonin characterized by:

Answer 56

compulsive behavior and anorexia nervosa

Question 57

drugs that increase levels of serotonin used to treat:

Answer 57

depression and anxiety