Neuro Lecture 5

Question 1

Fibrous layer surrounding, protecting and nourishing the CNS

Answer 1

Meninges

Question 2

Large Diameter valveless venous vessels

Answer 2

Venous Sinus

Question 3

Pathological reduction of blood supply

Answer 3

Ischemia

Question 4

localized pathological dilation of a blood vessel, usually caused by atherosclerosis and hypertension, or, less frequently, by trauma, infection or congenital weakness

Answer 4

Aneurysm

Question 5

How many layers are there in the cranial meninges?

Answer 5

Dura Mater (two layers), arachnoid and pia mater

Question 6

Dural folds between the major subdivisions of the brain forming large septa is called what?

Answer 6

Falx cerebri

Question 7

What lies in-between the two layers of dura mater?

Answer 7

Dural venous sinuses

Question 8

Is arachnoid mater vascular or avascular?

Answer 8

avascular (so hence pia mater is SUPER vascular)

Question 9

what arteries lie between the arachnoid and the pia mater?

Answer 9

cerebral arteries

Question 10

How would an epidural hemorrhage show up on a CT scan?

Answer 10

A biconvex mass in the epidural space

Question 11

what artery is ruptured in an epidural hemorrhage?

Answer 11

middle meningeal artery

Question 12

Describe to me an scenario where someone would present to the ER with an epidural hemorrhage (include AGE)

Answer 12

Young (note just not old) male at football practice was hit in the head. states that he initially did experience some loss of consciousness but then felt fine.

Question 13

Explain what will happen to a patient if an epidural hemorrhage goes without medical attention?

Answer 13

the high pulsation of the artery starts peeling away the dura from the suture line and volume starts to expand and the brain will start to herniate.

Question 14

What would you see on a CT scan to confirm a subdural hemorrhage?

Answer 14

crescent shaped subdural mass

Question 15

Does a subdural hemorrhage normally affect old or young ppl? give a reasoning for your answer

Answer 15

old ppl. because as we get old our brains shrink and therefore the veins start to stretch and any minor trauma can tear those veins.

Question 16

Why is a subdural hemorrhage considered a slow bleed?

Answer 16

because the pressure in the venous system is much lower than in the arterial system.

Question 17

what is a defining feature of a subarachnoid hemorrhage on a CT scan?

Answer 17

the bleed takes the shape of Gyri and Sulci, making a tree like appearance.

Question 18

where is the location of the vessels that rupture in a subarachnoid hemorrhage?

Answer 18

between the arachnoid and pia mater

Question 19

is a subarachnoid hemorrhage, trauma based or spontaneous?

Answer 19

both ;)

Question 20

what vessels rupture in an intracerebral hemorrhage?

Answer 20

rupture of the intraparenchymal branches of subarachnoid arteries, such as the lenticulostriate arteries

Question 21

Two pairs of arteries enter the skull, deliver blood to the brain. what are they?

Answer 21

internal carotid and vertebral arteries

Question 22

what level in the body does the common carotids bifurcate to yield the external and internal carotid arteries

Answer 22

thyroid cartilage

Question 23

what two arteries does the internal carotid artery emit?

Answer 23

ophthalmic and posterior communicating arteries and then these terminate as the anterior and middle cerebral arteries

Question 24

where do they vertebral arteries enter the skull through?

Answer 24

foramen magnum

Question 25

what arteries does the vertebral arteries emit?

Answer 25

posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (PICA), which usually spawn the posterior spinal arteries and the anterior spinal artery.

Question 26

the basilar artery gives rise to what arteries?

Answer 26

AICA and superior cerebellar arteries

Question 27

where does the posterior communicating artery arise from?

Answer 27

the junction of the internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries.

Question 28

the anterior cerebral artery arches laterally over the edge of the hemisphere to serve which medial regions of the brain?

Answer 28

medial regions of the frontal and parietal lobes. additionally the septum pellucid and the corpus callosum

Question 29

the posterior cerebral artery serves which parts of the brain medially?

Answer 29

medial occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes

Question 30

describe the path of the internal carotid artery

Answer 30

ascend through the deep neck, the carotid canals of the petrous bones, and cavernous sinus. ends just lateral to the optic chiasm

Question 31

what does the middle cerebral artery supply?

Answer 31

lateral aspect of frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes.

Question 32

the middle cerebral artery emits the lenticulostriate arteries during its course, what areas of the brain do these arteries target?

Answer 32

the basal ganglia and the internal capsule

Question 33

what artery connects the posterior cerebral artery to the internal carotid artery circulation?

Answer 33

posterior communicating artery

Question 34

what is the terminal branch of the basilar artery?

Answer 34

posterior cerebral artery

Question 35

Occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery would yield what deficits?

Answer 35

language

Question 36

what artery supplies blood to the ventral cord of the spinal cord?

Answer 36

Anterior spinal artery

Question 37

what artery supplies blood to the dorsal and lateral aspect of the spinal cord?

Answer 37

two posterior spinal arteries

Question 38

what is an arterial vasocorona?

Answer 38

the anterior spinal artery has anastomotic connections to both posterior spinal arteries, forming an arterial vasocorona

Question 39

how does the lateral aspect of the spinal cord receive blood?

Answer 39

via an anastamotic plexus of segmental arteries that emit spinal medullary and radicular arteries.

Question 40

why does the brain consume 20% of oxygen?

Answer 40

high metabolic rate and therefore high oxygen requirement

Question 41

what percent of the cardiac output is supplied to the brain?

Answer 41

15%

Question 42

anesthesia that is injected into the epidural space causing conduction blockage of adjacent spinal nerves

Answer 42

epidural anesthesia

Question 43

what results from an occlusion of a vessel by a clot, cells, gas, etc?

Answer 43

embolism