neuro pharm

Question 1

t/f: tranquilizers are anxiolytics and sedatives are not

Answer 1

true

Question 2

drugs that are used to control seizures caused by over-stimulation of the nervous system are called

Answer 2

anticonvulsants

Question 3

long term use of ___ can lead to liver toxicity

Answer 3

phenobarbital

Question 4

____ is the reversible agent for benzo’s

Answer 4

flumazenil

Question 5

___ and ___ are the 2 main neurotransmitters / receptors most behavior modifying drugs target

Answer 5

serotonin and dopamine

Question 6

___ is the opioid receptor that is primarily responsible for the profound analgesia associated with narcotics

Answer 6

MU

Question 7

another name for pain receptor is

Answer 7

nociceptor

Question 8

___ is the naturally derived opiate drug that is used primarily for its pain alleviating properties

Answer 8

morphine

Question 9

____ is an example of a CNS stimulant that is no longer used as a respiratory stimulant for neonates

Answer 9

doxapram (dopram)

Question 10

in addition to treating cushings disease, ____ can also be used to treat behavioral problems

Answer 10

selegiline (anipryl)

Question 11

neuroleptanalgesia is the combination of an ___ and ____

Answer 11

opioid and tranquilizer

Question 12

___ is a commonly used opioid used in cats that can easily be delivered through the MM

Answer 12

buprenorphine (bupernex)

Question 13

___ is the tx of choice when an animal is experiencing serotonin syndrome

Answer 13

cyproheptadine

Question 14

___ is an example of a drug that should be avoided in stallions

Answer 14

acepromazine

Question 15

why is acepromazine not used in breeding stallions

Answer 15

penile prolapse

Question 16

what would influence the choice of anticonvulsant used

Answer 16

seizure activity, frequency of episodes, patient limitations, owner limitations

Question 17

what are the 3 categories of anticonvulsant drugs

Answer 17

barbiturates, benzodiazepines, bromides

Question 18

what are the 3 anticonvulsants that fall into their own category

Answer 18

zonisamide, keppra (levetiracetam), gabapentin

Question 19

what are the injectable benzodiazepines

Answer 19

Diazepam (valium), midazolam (versed)

Question 20

how do valium and versed differ

Answer 20

valium - lipid soluble, precipitates with other drugs
versed - water soluble, compatible with other drugs

Question 21

4 steps to the pain pathway

Answer 21

transduction, transmission, modulation, perception

Question 22

opioids are classified as mixed agonist/antagonists meaning

Answer 22

agonistic effect at one receptor and antagonistic effect at another

Question 23

which class of antidepressant medications function by modifying the activity of enzymes that are responsible for the biotransformation of neurotransmitters

Answer 23

MAOI (monoamine oxidase inhibitors)

Question 24

what are the 2 Mu agonist/antagonists

Answer 24

butorphanol (torbugesic), buprenorphine (bupernex)

Question 25

what are the methods that fentanyl can be administered and how long does each last

Answer 25

IV (20-30 min), patch (24-72 hours), solution ( up to 4 days)

Question 26

what is the ceiling effect

Answer 26

increasing the dose only increases duration

Question 27

how does tramadol work

Answer 27

prevents reuptake of serotonin - decreases perception of pain - blocks M1 receptors

Question 28

what are the alpha-2-agonists

Answer 28

xylazine (rompun), detomidine (dormosedan), medtomidine (domitor), dexmedetomidine (dexdormitor)

Question 29

why are bromides not used in cats

Answer 29

severe side effects that mimic feline asthma

Question 30

what are the 3 groups of antidepressants discussed in class

Answer 30

tricyclic antidepressants (TCA - clomipramine), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRI - fluoxetine), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI - selegiline)

Question 31

what is serotonin syndrome

Answer 31

serotonin overdose - hypertension, hyperthermia, tremors, seizures, altered mental status

Question 32

3 groups of behavior modifying drugs

Answer 32

antipsychotic, antidepressant, anxiolytic

Question 33

example of an antipsychotic drug

Answer 33

phenothiazine - acepromazine

Question 34

phenobarbital is measured in

Answer 34

grains

Question 35

drug type used in emergency situation to treat active seizures

Answer 35

benzodiazepines

Question 36

wind up pain

Answer 36

overall increase in pain perception

Question 37

morphine causes pupillary dilation in what species

Answer 37

cats and horses

Question 38

what is more potent hydro or morphine

Answer 38

hydromorphone

Question 39

what type of activity does methadone have

Answer 39

full mu and NMDA antagonist

Question 40

more potent: fentanyl or morphine

Answer 40

fentanyl

Question 41

what is the benefit of blocking NMDA receptors

Answer 41

prevent and or treat wind up pain