Neuro PPT #1

Question 1

Organization of Nervous System

Answer 1

Nervous system divided into 2 branches
1) peripheral Nervous system 2) Central nervous system.
Peripheral nervous system divided into the sensory and motor division.

Question 2

What are the subdivisions if the motor division of the PNS?

Answer 2

1) Autonomic Nervous System comprised of the enteric, parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous systems
2) the somatic nervous system responsible for the skeletal muscles.

Question 3

The Brain stem is comprised of ?

Answer 3

Midbrain, pons , and medulla oblongata

Question 4

List the sulcus, fissure last and gyri of the brain

Answer 4

Inf. Frontal sulcus, superior frontal sulcus, precentral sulcus, central sulcus(rolando), postcentral sulcus, superior parietal lobule, interparietal sulcus , inferior parietal lobule , parietoocipotal sulcus , preoccipital notch , horizontal sulcus , medulla oblongata, lateral fissure(Sylvius), orbital gyri .

Question 5

Premotor area

Answer 5

6

Part of the extrapyramidal circuit
Frontal lobe
North

Question 6

Frontal eye movement and pupillary change area

Answer 6

8

Frontal lobe
Midway

Question 7

Motor Speech

Answer 7

Broca’s area 44,45 
Frontal lobe (south )

Question 8

Principal motor area

Answer 8

4

Frontal lobe
Really North Pole is frontal lobe

Question 9

Principal sensory area

Answer 9

Principle sensory area (3,1,2)

Question 10

Principle visual cortex

Answer 10

#17
Occipital love

Question 11

Primary auditory cortex

Answer 11

41,42

Temporal lobe

Question 12

Associative auditory cortex

Answer 12

22
Also named wernick’s area
Temporal lobe

Question 13

Area8

Answer 13

Frontal eye field

Question 14

Areas 3-1-2

Answer 14

Postcentral principal sensory areas.

Question 15

Area 4

Answer 15

Principal motor area

Question 16

Area 6

Answer 16

Premotor area

Question 17

Area 5,7

Answer 17

Sensory association areas

Question 18

Area 18, 19

Answer 18

Visual association area

Question 19

Area 17

Answer 19

Principal visual cortex ( striate)

Question 20

Area 18-19

Answer 20

Visual association areas

Question 21

Tell me about the nerves arising from the spinal cord .

Answer 21

There are 31 pairs of MIXED nerves arising from it . They supply all body parts except the head. They are named according to their point of issue.
Cervical: C1-C8, Thoracic T1-T12, Lumbar L1-L5, Sacral S1-S5, Coccygeal C0.

Question 22

At what level are the cervical and brachial plexus?

Answer 22

At the Cervical level, cervical plexus first then the brachial plexus .

Question 23

Name the all the plexus along the Ali al cord

Answer 23

Cervical , brachial , lumbar and sacral plexus

Question 24

What are plexuses?

Answer 24

They are interlacing nerve network.

The are formed by all ventral rami except——-

Question 25

A plexus results in a ...

Answer 25

Branch . Each branch contains fibers from SEVERAL spinal nerves.

Question 26

Why can’t damage to one spinal segment completely paralyze a muscle.

Answer 26

Because the Fibers that make up the nerve plexus branches travel to the PERIPHERY via several different routes. And because Each muscle receives a nerve supply from more than one spinal nerve.

Question 27

Plexus Branches Fibers

Answer 27

A plexus : interlacing network of ventral rami results in branches. Branches : contain fibers from several spinal nerves . Fibers: travel to periphery via several DIFFERENT routes Plexus~Branches ~Fibers

Question 28

Brachial plexus location

Answer 28

From C5 to T1 , and maybe even sometimes C4-T2

Question 29

What does the brachial plexus innervate ? And how ?

Answer 29

It gives rise to the nerves that then innervate the upper limb.

Question 30

How many many major branches of the Brachial plexus ?

Answer 30

4 major. The roots , the Trunks, the divisions and the cords. In addition : the branches .

Question 31

How many roots of the brachial plexus and what is their location ?

Answer 31

The are 5 ventral(anterior) rami : C5,C6,C7,C8,T1 ( C5-T1)

Question 32

How many trunks of the brachial plexus?

Answer 32

3 trunks : Superior (upper) Middle and Inferior(lower)

Question 33

How many divisions of the brachial plexus?

Answer 33

There are 3 anterior and 3 posterior divisions

Question 34

The anterior divisions

Answer 34

Are the superior, lateral and inferior. The server the front of the limb. In other words : anterior lateral , anterior medial and anterior posterior division serving the front of the limb

Question 35

The posterior division are

Answer 35

The lateral, the medial and posterior which serve the back of the limb In other words: the posterior lateral , the posterior medial , and the posterior posterior division serving the back of the limb

Question 36

What are the branches of the Branches or the Brachial plexus ? Meaning the minor The minor branches or the Beer in the Robert Taylor Drinks Cold Beer acronym?

Answer 36

1) The superficial branch( radial nerve) , 2) the branches of the ulnar nerve : which are the Digital,the Dorsal,and the Superficial branch of the Ulnar nerve . 3) the Median nerve branches : Muscular and digital branches of the Median nerve .

Question 37

What are the branches of the median nerve ?

Answer 37

The Muscular and the Digital branch.

Question 38

What are the branches of the Ulnar nerve ?

Answer 38

The Superficial, the Dorsal and the Digital.

Question 39

What are the branches of the radial nerve ?

Answer 39

Only one branch : the Superficial branch is the radial nerve .

Question 40

Second most common post-op peripheral neuropathy

Answer 40

Brachial plexus

Question 41

How many nerves in the Brachial Plexus and name them .

Answer 41

The are 5 terminal brachial plexus nerves and 1 intercostobrachial nerve 1. Axillary 2. Radial 3. musculocutaneous, 4. Ulnar, 5 radial.

Question 42

Nerve innervation ! When I say axillary , you say ...

Answer 42

Deltoid and Teres minor .

Question 43

Nerve innervation! Musculocutaneous nerve sends ...

Answer 43

Fibers to the coracobrachialis bicep brachii and the brachialis . Flex your elbow !!

Question 44

Flexion of the elbow is thanks to what nerve innervation?

Answer 44

The musculocutaneous nerve which sends fibers to the coracobrachialis bicep brachi and the brachialis.

Question 45

Nerve innervation! The Median Nerve ...

Answer 45

Branches to most of the flexor muscles of the fire and and the opponens pollicis . Allow 4 movement types : Flexion if the wrist Opposition is the thumb Probation of the firearm Flexion if the last wrap 3 fingers. *The median nerve has 2 branches muscular and digital!

Question 46

Nerve innervation! The Ulnar nerve :

Answer 46

``` Flexor carpi ulnaris and Flexor digitorum profundus. 3 movement types : Addiction of the fingers Flexion of the medial two fingers Flexion of the wrist ```

Question 47

Nerve Innervation! The radial nerve.

Answer 47

``` All extensors of arm and forearm . 3 movement types : Supination of the forearm Extension of wrist and fingers Extension at elbow . ```

Question 48

Intercostobrachial nerve innervation 💣

Answer 48

Blocked to reduce pain from tourniquet during IV regional neural anesthesia.

Question 49

He structures of a neuron

Answer 49

The cell body or soma , the nucleus, the dendrites, the axon hillock followed by the initial second of the axon( not covered with myelin sheath ) the axon, the node of Ranvier , schwan cell . * the impulse travels from cell body to axon to terminal buttons .

Question 50

Role of Schwann cell

Answer 50

Wraps around the axon and provides insulation. Demyelination leads to slow or blocks conduction . For example : multiple sclerosis

Question 51

What are Node of Ranviers

Answer 51

Gaps between myelin sheath. Action potential only Halle a at nodes of ranvier because they are rich of Na+/K+ channels. Depolarization happens from Node to Node jumping ( saltatory conduction ) They interrupt the myelin sheath every 1-3 mm

Question 52

Where are neurotransmitters synthesized and transported to?

Answer 52

Synthesis: in cell body | Transported to the synaptic knobs.

Question 53

Node to node jumping of depolarization...

Answer 53

Saltatory conduction

Question 54

Types of neurons

Answer 54

Bipolar, unipolar , pseudounipolar, multipolar . | Other subtypes : sensory, motor and interneuron.

Question 55

Characteristics of bipolar neurons

Answer 55

Have a Short axon process arising from one side of cell body and dendrite process arise from the opposite side. They are Special senses neurons , and are found in sensory organs ie: ear, eyes, nose . Everyone single one of us have bipolar neurons

Question 56

Characteristics of unipolar neurons

Answer 56

Single large axon extension from its cell body. Found in invertebrates , NEVER IN HUMAN.

Question 57

What type of neurons are found in the dorsal root ganglia ?

Answer 57

Pseudounipolar neurons .

Question 58

What are the most common type of neurons found in the brain and spinal cord

Answer 58

Multipolar neurons . They Have 1 axon & MULTIPLE dendrites.

Question 59

Motor neuron! List the structures: Anterior and Posterior

Answer 59

1) anterior horn : contains anterior motor neurons. 2) anterior motor neurons supply the axial ( trunk of body ) muscles 3 anterior root. 1) posterior horn RECEIVE sensory information 2) posterior root has the DRG “at its end “ DRG = dorsal root ganglia and are pseudounipolar type neurons .

Question 60

Define Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 60

1) Immune- Mediated 2) Inflammatory 3) selective Demyelination