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Spring '20/ L. A&P > the eye > Flashcards

the eye Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

superior rectus

A

Oculomotor (III) elevation, adduction, medial rotation of eyeball

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2
Q

inferior rectus

A

Oculomotor (III) depression, adduction, lateral rotation of eyeball

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3
Q

medial rectus

A

oculomotor (III) adduction of eyeball

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4
Q

Lateral rectus

A

abducent(VI) abduction of eyeball

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5
Q

Superior Oblique

A

Trochlear (IV) depression, abduction, medial rotation of eyeball

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6
Q

inferior oblique

A

Oculomotor (III)elevation, abduction, lateral rotation of eyeball

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7
Q

levator palpebra superioris

A

Oculomotor (III)elevation of upper eyelid

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8
Q

blind spot

A

located about 15 degrees lateral to the central point of vision no rods or cones in this area, called the optic disc, exit point for axons of the ganglion cells

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9
Q

Emmetropia- normal.

A

Light focuses on retina

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10
Q

Hypertropia-farsighted

A

Light focuses behind the retina and is corrected with a convex lens

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11
Q

Myopia- nearsighted

A

Light focuses in front of retina and is corrected with a biconcave lens.

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12
Q

Astigmatism

A

Curvature of the lens is not uniform and is corrected with a cylindrical lens Bumpy Cornea

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13
Q

Presbyopia

A

This is loss of accommodation power of the lens that occur with aging. The near point (closest point on which one can focus by accommodation of the lens) moves farther from the eye and is corrected with a convex lens. Caused by progressive denaturation of the proteins of the lens. Makes the lens less elastic. Begins about 40-50 years of age.

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14
Q

Cataracts

A

Cloudy or opaque area of the lens Caused by coagulation of lens proteins

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15
Q

Miosis

A

constriction of pupillary aperture due to stimulation of parasympathetic nerves that excite the pupillary sphincter muscle

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16
Q

Mydriasis

A

dilation of pupillary aperture due to stimulation of sympathetic nerves that excite the radial fibers of the iris

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17
Q

Intraocular fluid

A

keeps the eyeball round and distended. 2 fluid chambers

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18
Q

Aqueous Humor

A

Freely flowing fluid In front of lens

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19
Q

Vitreous Humor

A

Gelatinous mass between lens and retina Little flow

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20
Q

Production of Aqueous Humor

A

It is produced by the ciliary processes of the ciliary body at a rate of 2-3 microliters/min. Flows between the ligaments of the lens, through the pupil into the anterior chamber, goes between the cornea and the iris, through a meshwork of trabeculae to enter the canal of Schlemm which empties into aqueous veins and then into extraocular veins.

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21
Q

Glaucoma

A

due to resistance to fluid flow through trabecular spaces , causes increase IOP MCC of blindness due to compression necrosis of the axons of the optic nerve

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22
Q

Eye Cones

A

light cones

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23
Q

rods

A

night rods

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24
Q

Kerotin

A

from carrots

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25
Light receptors
Consist of rods and cones (not present on the optic disk –blind spot ) Pigment layer of the retina contains the black pigment melanin that prevents light reflection in the globe of the eye Lack of pigmentation in albinos results poor visual acuity because of the scattering of light
26
vitamin a deficiency
Vitamin A deficiency causes Night Blindness
27
Pigement layer of retina
Pigment layer of the retina contains the black pigment melanin that prevents light reflection in the globe of the eye Lack of pigmentation in albinos results poor visual acuity because of the scattering of light
28
RODS
Sensitive to low-intensity light; night vision. low visual acuity dark adaptation- rods adapt later no color vision
29
CONES
Sensitive to high intensity light; day vision. higher visual acuity. cones adapt first to dark adaptation yes for color vision
30
nasal field of vision
nasal field located on the temporal side of the retina
31
temporal field of vision
temporal field located on the nasal side of the retina
32
fields of vision interruption
interruption of the visual pathway at different points leads to very specific visual field defects
33
Blinds spots
located about 15 degrees lateral to the central point of vision no rods or cones in this area, called the optic disc, exit point for axons of the ganglion cells
34
cutting the optic nerve
causes blindness in the ipsilateral eye
35
cutting the optic chiasm
causes heteronymous bitemporal hemianopia (tunnel vision in pituitary gland adenoma)
36
Cutting of the optic tract
Cutting of the optic tract causes homonymous contralateral hemianopia
37
Cutting the geniculocalcarine tract
Cutting the geniculocalcarine tract causes homonymous hemianopia with mecular sparing
38
Optic Pathways and Lesions
...
39
optic chiasm
Growing adenoma of the pituitary grand will slice the optic chiasm.
40
Eye injury during anesthesia
The eyes are vulnerable to injury secondary to prolonged lateral decubitus or prone position Retinal ischemia / blindness Dryness of cornea
41
Eye injury during anesthesia-prevention
Padding around the orbit Eye lubricants
42
Outer ear
Directs the sound wave into the auditory canal
43
Middle ear
Is air-filled Contains the tympanic membrane (ear drum) and the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes). The stapes inserted into the oval window, a membrane between the middle ear and the inner ear. Ossicles amplify sound. Sound waves cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate. In turn , the ossicles vibrate , pushing the stapes into the oval window (in and out like piston) and displacing fluid in the inner ear (ripple effect)
44
Inner ear
Is fluid-filled Consist of a bony labyrinth (semicircular canals, cochlea and vestibule ) and series of ducts within bony labyrinth are membranous labyrinth. The fluid outside the ducts is perilymph; the fluid inside the ducts is endolymph.
45
Structure of the cochlea: three tubular canals
The scala vestibuli and scala tympani contain perilymph , which has a increase Na+ The scala media contains endolymph , which has a increase K+ The scala media is bordered by the basilar membrane, which is the site of organ of Corti
46
Organ of Corti number 28
Is located on the basilar membrane Is located on the basilar membrane Contains the receptor cells (inner and outer hair cells) for auditory stimuli. Cilia protrude from the hair cells and are embedded in the Tectorial membrane. Outer hair cells \> Inner hair cells Spiral ganglion contains the cell bodies of auditory nerve (CN VIII ) ,which synapse on the hair cells Sound wave causes vibration of organ of Corti, this causes bending of hair cells against the tectorial membrane Bending in one direction Depolarization Bending in other direction  Hyperpolarization This changing potential of the hair cells causes intermittent firing of cochlear nerves. Fibers ascend to auditory cortex
47
Base of basilar membrane
Base of basilar membrane (close to oval window) responds best to high frequencies
48
Apex
of basilar membrane responds best to low frequencies
49
Ear infection
goes into the inner ear- loose high frequency
50
Conductive deafness
Defects in external or middle ear Defects in transmission of sound to the inner ear due to wax, foreign body, destruction of auditory ossicals, thickening of ear drum due to repeated middle ear infection. Bone conductance \> Air conductance
51
Nerve deafness- sensory
Defects in inner ear or vestibulocochlear nerve ( CN VIII) Both bone & air conductance are reduced Adverse effect of aminoglycoside –gent, neomycin
52
what is ear wax
its an insect repellant
53
Pressure changes in middle ear during Nitrous oxide (N2O) anesthesia
There is significant increase in middle ear pressure during administration of Nitrous oxide. Therefore , nitrous oxide should be used with caution in presence of mild middle ear diseases (e.g. otitis media , sinusitis) with obstructed Eustachian tube. This may result hearing loss or tympanic membrane rupture. Nitrous oxide is contraindicated in tympanoplasty, as the pressure difference between middle and external ear can jeopardize the success of operation.
54
taste
Taste pathways Taste receptor cells line the taste bud Innervation Anterior 2/3 –VII (Facial nerve for salty & sweet taste)- Chorda tympani (a branch of VII) Posterior 1/3 – IX (Glossopharyngeal nerve for sour & bitter taste) Back of throat – X (vagus nerve) Medulla solitary tract solitary nucleus Thalamus  taste cortex
55
Olfaction AP
Second order neuron form olfactory tract and project to prepiriform cortex Stimulus activates receptor cells lead to activation of G proteins lead to activation of adenylate cyclase which increases cAMP leading to Na+ channels open then AP is generated and propagated
56
Olfaction
Receptor cells Located in the olfactory epithelium CN I carries information to olfactory bulb Fracture of cribriform plate of ethmoid bone , causes **hyposmia** or **anosmia**
57
Nasal cavity considerations...
Nasal cavity is frequent site of bleeding due to high vascularity. Before insertion nasal airways, nosgastric catheters or nasotracheal tubes should be lubricated and advanced at an angle perpendicular to the face to avoid injury to nose Vasoconstrictors are used to cause mucosal shrinkage.
58
olfactory epithelium supplied by which cranial nerve
Olfactory epithelium is also supplied by CN V (trigeminal), which detect noxious or painful odor like ammonia
59
Stretch Reflex – Knee jerk
Is monosynaptic. Muscle stretch leadings to excitation of M. Spindles which stimulate group Ia afferents Stimulation of alpha motoneuron in the spinal cord Contraction of the muscle (Extrafusal fibers) and returning to its original length. Knee jerk reflex: tapping on patellar tendon causes the quadriceps to stretch leading to stimulation of afferent fibers leading to activation of alpha motor neurons leading to contraction of quadriceps. Knee jerk increase in upper motor neuron lesion (due to loss of inhibition) , and decrease in lower motor neuron lesions.
60
Golgi Tendon Reflex
Is opposite or inverse of the stretch reflex Active muscle contraction stimulates the Golgi tendon organs and group Ib Ib afferent stimulates inhibitory interneuron in spinal cord leading to inhibit alpha motoneurons and causes relaxation of the muscle that was originally contracted
61
Flexor withdrawal reflex(Touching a hot stove)
Is polysynaptic. Flexion on ipsilateral side and extension on contralateral side Somatosensory and pain afferent fibers elicit withdrawal of the stimulated body part from the noxious stimulus (hot stove) Afterdischarge prevents the muscle from relaxing for some time.

Spring '20/ L. A&P (21 decks)

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