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Spring '20/ L. A&P > The cell > Flashcards

The cell Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

total body of water

A

Total body water (TBW) is 60% of body weight [ you are 2/3 water ! ]
increased in new born , decreased in women

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2
Q

intracellular fluid

A

Is 2/3 of total body water (TBW)
Major cation is ____
Major anion are protein and organic phosphate

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3
Q

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

Is 1/3 of total body water (TBW)
Composed of interstitial fluid and plasma
Major cation is ______
Major anion is Cl- and HCO3-

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4
Q

extra cellular fluid

A

Plasma is ¼ of ECF
Interstitial fluid is ¾ of ECF
Plasma and interstitial fluids are separated by capillary wall

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5
Q

Homeostatic Mechanisms

A

Receptors - provide information about stimuli

Control center - tells what a particular value should be (includes a set point)

Effectors - elicit responses that change conditions in the internal environment

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6
Q

Negative Feed back control

A

Promotes stability, prevents over-excitation

Most common

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7
Q

Positive Feed back control:

A

Rare , explosive, viscous cycle

LH surge just before ovulation, blood clotting, labor contractions

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8
Q

Proteins:

A

Provide “specificity” to a membrane

Defined by mode of association with the lipid bilayer

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9
Q

integral protein

peripheral protein

A

integral: channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, etc.
Span the entire membrane
Are anchored through hydrophobic interactions with the phospholipids bilayer
Include ion channels, pores, carriers, G protein, enzymes etc.
Include hormone receptors

peripheral: enzymes, intracellular signal mediators
Are not embedded in the cell membrane
On both side, are loosely attached to the cell membrane by electrostatic interactions
Control transport of substances across cell membrane

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10
Q

Carbohydrates (3 types)

A

Glycolipids (approx. 10%)
Glycoproteins (majority of integral proteins)
Proteoglycans

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11
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Negative charge of the carbo chains repels other
negative charges
Involved in cell-cell attachments/interactions “cell marker”
Play a role in immune reactions

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12
Q

Cholesterol

A

Present in membranes in varying amounts
Generally decreases membrane FLUIDITY and
PERMEABILITY (except in plasma membrane)
Increases membrane FLEXIBILITY and STABILITY

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13
Q

Cell Membrane“Gate Keeper

A 
Composed primarily of lipid (50%) and protein (50%)
Lipids
Phospholipid (most abundant)
Glycolipid
Cholesterol 
Proteins
Channels 
Receptors 
Enzymes
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14
Q

cell membrane

A

50% protein 50% lipid

Lipid bilayer—barrier to water and water-soluble substances

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15
Q

hydrophilic and hydrophobic

A

Phospholipids have a glycerol backbone, which is hydrophilic (water-soluble) heads, and two fatty acid tails, which is hydrophobic (water insoluble). The hydrophobic tails faces each other and form a bilayer

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16
Q

lipid soluble substances

A

(e.g. O2,CO2 ,N2, steroid hormones, isoflurane, unionized form of drug, non-polar molecules ) cross cell membrane because they can dissolve in the hydrophobic lipid bilayer

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17
Q

Water-soluble substances

A

(e.g. ions (Na+ K+, Cl-), glucose, ionized form of drug, polar molecules and water) cannot dissolve in the lipid of the membrane, therefore cannot cross the cell membrane. But they may cross through channels, pores or may be transported by carriers.

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18
Q

peripheral proteins

A

peripheral: enzymes, intracellular signal mediators
Are not embedded in the cell membrane
On both side, are loosely attached to the cell membrane by electrostatic interactions
Control transport of substances across cell membrane

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19
Q

pinocytosis

A

– ingestion of smaller particles

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20
Q

phagocytosis

A

ingestion of larger particles/bacteria

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21
Q

opsonization

A

binding of IgG antibody on the surface of bacteria enhancing phagocytosis

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22
Q

Mechanism of pinocytosis

A

a process by which liquid droplets are ingested by living cells. Pinocytosis is one type of endocytosis, the general process by which cells engulf external substances, gathering them into special membrane-bound vesicles contained within the cell.

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23
Q

What is the function of Clathrin?

A

Clathrin (mechanism of pinocytosis) performs critical roles in shaping rounded vesicles in the cytoplasm for intracellular trafficking. Clathrin-coated vesicles (CCV) selectively sort cargo at the cell membrane, trans-Golgi network, and endosomal compartments for multiple membrane traffic pathways.

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24
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Network of microtubules where proteins are “processed”
Site of intracellular calcium storage
Smooth ER has no ribosomes [ form lipids/steroids]
Rough ER has ribosomes

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25
Ribosomes (80S)
are factories for protein synthesis | 60S and 40S subunits
26
golgi apparatus
Secretory functions | Final packing
27
Lysosomes
Digestive system of cell– contain hydrolases Allow phagocytosis of bacteria Remove damage tissues “ recycling centers”
28
Peroxisomes
Similar to lysosomes | Help in detoxification (e.g. alcohol )
29
Secretory vesicles
from the golgi Exocytosis stimulated by Ca++
30
Mitochondria
POWERHOUSE” of cell More active cells have more mitochondria; like _____HEART Have electron transport chain Convert food stuff into energy in the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylation CN-, CO inhibit ATP synthesis Contains their own DNA Maternal inheritance of mitochondrial diseases. Why?
31
Microtubules
``` Provide skeleton and rigid support to cell Drugs that act on microtubules Griseofulvin (Anti-fungal) Mebendazole (Antihelminthic) hook warm Vincristine ( Anti-cancer) Paclitaxel ( anti-breast cancer) Colchicine ( Anti-gout) ```
32
Nucleus
Command and control Center” of cell Contain DNA – Gene Chromosomes are condensed genetic material
33
Nuclear Membrane
have thousands of pores
34
Chromatin
(condensed DNA) is found in nucleoplasm
35
Nucleoli
Accumulation of RNA | Forms ribosomes
36
Lysosomal Storage diseases
tay sachs
37
intracellular connections tight junctions
Attachment between cells, often epithelial cells | May be ‘tight’ (impermeable), as DCT or ‘leaky’ (permeable) as in PCT
38
Gap junctions “communicating junctions”
Are the attachments between cells that permit intercellular communication Permits current flow and electrical coupling between myocardial cells Offers least resistance to flow of ions In MI these gap junctions close leading to ____________
39
b-oxidation of fatty acids explain-
Degradation and oxidation of fatty acids is called -oxidation occurs only in the mitochondria. First ,Fatty acids are transported into the mitochondria. This is a carrier mediated transport by carnitine shuttle. Once inside the mitochondria, the fatty acids splits away from the carnitine . The fatty acid molecule is degraded in the mitochondria and results 2 molecules of Acetyl-CoA. The Acetyl-CoA molecules formed by -oxidation in mitochondria enter the Citric Acid cycle Tremendous amount of ATP (146 molecules) are formed by -oxidation from one molecule of fatty acids (Guyton page 823)
40
atp is used for
Transportation of substances across membrane Synthesis of compounds Muscle contraction
41
The end product of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism is
Acetyl-CoA
42
Kartagener’s syndrome
(Immotile cilia syndrome) is due to a dynein arm defect, resulting in immotile cilia Sinus inversus- heart on the right and liver on the left. Sterility in male and female; Why? Sperm is unable to swim women can’t move eggs down Recurrent sinusitis; Why? Brochiectasis
43
dna
Deoxyribo nucleic acid Double stranded Located mainly in nucleus Contains nitrogenous base, sugar and phosphate NB are Adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine Deoxyribose sugar
44
rna
Ribo nucleic acid Single stranded Located in nucleus and cytoplasm Contains nitrogenous base, sugar and phosphate NB are adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil Ribose sugar
45
Pyrimidines
(Cytosine,Uracil, Thymine) have one ring (CUT the Py[pie] Pyramidines) Uracil found in RNA, thymine in DNA
46
Purines
(Adenine,Guanine) have two rings. PURe As Gold
47
osmolarity formula
2(Na)+0.055(GLUCOSE)+0.36(BUN)
48
DNA ligase
by which repairs are made
49
DNA polymerase
new” DNA is proofread by
50
Transcription– Formation of mRNA
Step1. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter sequence Step2. The RNA polymerase temporarily “unwinds” the DNA double helix Step3. The polymerase “reads” the DNA strand and adds complementary RNA molecules to the DNA template Step4. “Activated” RNA molecules react with the growing end of the RNA strand and added (3' end) Step5. Transcription ends when the RNA polymerase reaches a terminating codon, releasing both the polymerase and RNA strand
51
local anesthetics can be ionized form or unionized form
(lah+)-ionized | la-unionized
52
Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Chediak-Higashi syndrome- defective microtubules; decrease phagocytosis; increase infections (bubble babies)
53
dna strand
Helical double-stranded structure (twisted ladder) of the gene. The outside strands are composed of phosphoric acid and the sugar deoxyribose. The internal molecules connecting the two strands of the helix are purine and pyrimidine bases; these determine the “code” of the gene
54
what end do nucleotides get added to
Nucleotides are always added to the 3' end
55
amino acid production
A messenger RNA strand is moving through two ribosomes. As each "codon" passes through, an amino acid is added to the growing protein chain, which is shown in the right-hand ribosome. The transfer RNA molecule transports each specific amino acid to the newly forming protein.
56
mrna
which carries genetic code from nucleus to cytoplasm. They are long single stranded molecules containing codons —code triplets for amino acids
57
trna
acts as carrier to transport amino acids to ribosomes
58
rrna
which are present in ribosomes and synthesize proteins translation
59
transcription
The formation of mRNA is called transcription and is controlled by RNA polymerase
60
translation
mRNA moves to the cytoplasm and dictates the formation of proteins (translation)
61
clavulanic acid+ beta-lactamase
augmenting
62
simple diffusion
Lipid-soluble molecules move readily across the membrane (rate depends on lipid solubility) Water-soluble molecules cross via channels or pores
63
Primary Active Transport
Na+/K+ ATPase (Sodium pump) Keeps intracellular K+ high and intracellular Na+ low by moving 3Na+out and 2K+ in, using ATP Maintains normal cell volume. How? Insulin stimulates Na+/K+ pump , corrects hyperkalemia by moving K+ into the cells. Beta agonist e.g. ritodrine (Yutopar), terbutaline and epinephrine stimulate Na+/K+ pump  Hypokalemia Beta blockers  Hyperkalemia Ouabain and digitalis inhibit the Na+-K+ pump. na/k pump atp. ca/atpase pump ca in sarcomplasmic reticulum. H/K/ATPase - proton pump.
64
Secondary Active Transport co porters
Postulated mechanism for sodium co-transport of glucose, | amino acids, hc03
65
dna replication
nucleotides are added to the 3' end dna is proof read by dan polymerase repairs are made by dan ligase
66
bind to 30s subunit of bacterial ribosome inhibiting protein synthesis
aminoglycosides. tetracycline
67
chloramphenicol, erythromycin, lincomycin. clindamycin
bind to 50s bacterial ribsomsome
68
sulfonamide
inhibit bacterial synthesis of folic acid
69
rifampin
blocks bacterial mRNA synthesis
70
quinolone- cipro, norfloxacin, nalidixic acid
inhibit bacterial dna gyrase topoisomerase II
71
penicillin cephalosporin vancomycin
interfere with bacterial call wall synthesis
72
polymyxin
disrupt permeability of bacterial cell membrane- leakage of cell contents
73
metronidazole
disrupts microsomal dna snythesis
74
clavulanic acid plus beta lactamase
augumentin
75
``` secondary active transport counter transport (antiport) exchange ```
examples- sodium goes in, calcium went outside. sodium goes in, hydrogen goes out. na/hco3 inside and cl/hydrogen go out.
76
GLUT4
In diabetes mellitus, glucose uptake by muscle and adipose cells is impaired because the carriers for facilitated diffusion of glucose (GLUT4) require insulinIn diabetes mellitus, glucose uptake by muscle and adipose cells is impaired because the carriers for facilitated diffusion of glucose (GLUT4) require insulin
77
Cardiac glycosides (digitalis)
``` Cardiac glycosides (digitalis) increase the force of contraction by inhibiting Na/K ATPase in the myocardial cell membrane. As a result of this inhibition, the intracellular [Na] increases, diminishing the Na gradient across the cell membrane Na/Ca exchange (a mechanism that extrudes Ca from the cell) depends on the size of the Na gradient and thus is diminished, producing an increase in intracellular Ca. Higher the Ca, more forceful will be the contraction of myocardial cell. ```
78
excotyosis
Release of neurotransmitters from the nerve terminals | extrusion of cellular contents

Spring '20/ L. A&P (21 decks)

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