Neuro Test Questions

Question 1

What do Schwann cells form?

Answer 1

Myelin sheath in the PNS.

Question 2

What happens during depolarization?

Answer 2

Na channels open at 55 mV.

Question 3

What is the relative refractory period?

Answer 3

A period when a neuron may respond to larger stimuli since most Na channels are reset.

Question 4

What is spatial summation?

Answer 4

Multiple EPSPs/IPSPs arrive from multiple presynaptic neurons, leading to impulses being added together.

Question 5

What is the role of Ach?

Answer 5

It is an excitatory neurotransmitter in the NMJ that causes muscle contractions and is involved in the ANS parasympathetics.

Question 6

What is GABA?

Answer 6

The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Question 7

What does serotonin influence?

Answer 7

Mood, pain, perception, arousal, and motor activity.

Question 8

What are the borders of the 4th ventricle?

Answer 8

Anterior: pons/medulla; Posterior: cerebellum.

Question 9

What does PCA supply?

Answer 9

The inferior temporal occipital lobe, leading to cortical blindness and declarative memory issues.

Question 10

What does the inferior sagittal sinus drain?

Answer 10

The diencephalon and basal ganglia.

Question 11

What are symptoms of congenital hydrocephalus?

Answer 11

Worsening gait, incontinence, and headache.

Question 12

What do γ MN innervate?

Answer 12

Intrafusal muscle fibers of muscle spindles.

Question 13

What is the cross extensor reflex?

Answer 13

A reflex where a painful stimulus during weight bearing causes flexion of the stimulated limb and extension of the opposite limb.

Question 14

What is a motor neuron pool?

Answer 14

Clusters of motor neurons within the spinal cord that innervate a single muscle.

Question 15

What does ectoderm develop into?

Answer 15

The nervous system.

Question 16

When does myelination stop in children?

Answer 16

At 3 years old.

Question 17

What is Locked-in Syndrome associated with?

Answer 17

Basilar artery, B CST, B corticobulbar, and B abducens.

Question 18

Which cranial nerve exits the brain dorsally?

Answer 18

The trochlear nerve.

Question 19

What is traumatic axonopathy?

Answer 19

A condition where myelin is intact but the axon is damaged, often due to crush injury.

Question 20

Where are sympathetic cell bodies located?

Answer 20

In the lateral horn of the spinal cord (T1-L2).

Question 21

What is affected in a hemicord injury?

Answer 21

Ipsilateral DCML and corticospinal tract impaired, contralateral spinothalamic tract impaired.

Question 22

What neurotransmitter do all preganglionic neurons in the ANS utilize?

Answer 22

Ach.

Question 23

What is autonomic dysreflexia?

Answer 23

An unregulated sympathetic response to a stimulus below the lesion in a patient with a SCI above T6.

INDUCE ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION

Question 24

Where do parasympathetics originate?

Answer 24

From S2-S4 and cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X (craniosacral).

Question 25

What characterizes the clasp-knife phenomenon?

Answer 25

Initial resistance to passive stretch followed by a sudden decrease in resistance.

Question 26

What is decerebrate posture characterized by?

Answer 26

Elbow extension, plantar flexion, internal rotation, and wrist/finger flexion.

Question 27

What occurs during spinal shock?

Answer 27

Acute lesions of the motor tract cause temporary hypotonia.

Question 28

What is the effect of a premotor cortex lesion?

Answer 28

Spasticity.

Question 29

What does the striatum consist of?

Answer 29

Caudate and putamen.

Question 30

What does the prefrontal channel involve?

Answer 30

Goal-directed loop and social loop (dorsal striatal pathways).

Question 31

What is disinhibition?

Answer 31

Requires at least 2 inhibitory neurons in series and 1 target neuron.

Question 32

What does the social behavior loop involve?

Answer 32

Impulsivity and risky behaviors.

Question 33

What is the go pathway associated with?

Answer 33

D1 (Dopamine is excitatory).

Question 34

What is the no-go pathway associated with?

Answer 34

D2 (Dopamine is inhibitory).

Question 35

What is a hypokinetic disorder?

Answer 35

A condition characterized by too much basal ganglia inhibition.

Question 36

What supplies the thalamus?

Answer 36

Deep branches of the posterior cerebral artery.

Question 37

What do relay nuclei transmit?

Answer 37

Sensory (not smell) and motor information from the basal ganglia, cerebellum, or sensory systems to the cerebral cortex.

Question 38

What does the hypothalamus regulate?

Answer 38

Homeostasis, metabolic rate, circadian rhythms, and endocrine control via the pituitary.

Question 39

What are the mamillary bodies?

Answer 39

Structures from the posterior aspect of the hypothalamus.

Question 40

What is the origin of the posterior pituitary?

Answer 40

Neural tissue.

Question 41

What does ADH maintain?

Answer 41

pH level.

Question 42

What is Pusher Syndrome?

Answer 42

A condition where a right lesion leads to left impairment and a left shift (push to the affected side).

Question 43

What is movement decomposition?

Answer 43

Attempting to move one joint at a time, often as a compensation for movement difficulties.

Question 44

What is the role of the cerebrocerebellum?

Answer 44

Motor planning and execution of complex spatial and temporal sequences of movements.

Question 45

What does the dorsal spinocerebellar tract do?

Answer 45

Double cross.

Question 46

What are Purkinje cells?

Answer 46

The main output cells that inhibit deep cerebellar nuclei.

Question 47

What does AICA supply?

Answer 47

The middle cerebellar peduncle and anterior inferior cerebellum.

Question 48

What do frontal lobe syndromes include?

Answer 48

The caudate nucleus.

Question 49

What functions are associated with the right hemisphere?

Answer 49

Prosody, visuospatial attention, and math (estimating quantities).

Question 50

alertness

Answer 50

Normal functioning of brainstem and diencephalic arousal circuits and cortex.

Question 51

What is switching attention?

Answer 51

Changing from one task to another.

Question 52

What neurotransmitter is associated with general arousal level?

Answer 52

Serotonin from the Raphe nucleus.

Question 53

What neurotransmitter is associated with attention and autonomics?

Answer 53

Norepinephrine from the locus coeruleus.

Question 54

What neurotransmitter is involved in the selection of object of attention?

Answer 54

Ach from the pedunculopontine nucleus.

Question 55

What neurotransmitter is associated with motivation and cognition?

Answer 55

Dopamine from the substantia nigra.

Question 56

What characterizes a persistent vegetative state?

Answer 56

Complete loss of consciousness with spontaneous eye movements, regular sleep cycles, and normal respiratory rate.

Question 57

Where is Broca's area located?

Answer 57

In the frontal lobe.

Question 58

What does the secondary somatosensory cortex do?

Answer 58

Integrates information from both sides.

Question 59

What is the dorsal stream responsible for?

Answer 59

Adjusting movements from the secondary visual cortex to the frontal lobe.

Question 60

What is the ventral stream responsible for?

Answer 60

Object recognition from the secondary visual cortex to the temporal lobe.

Question 61

What is the role of the right PPC?

Answer 61

Involved with neglect, leading to left neglect and right shift.

Question 62

What does the supplemental cortex control?

Answer 62

Motor sequences, movement initiation, and bimanual movements.

Question 63

What is the ventral dorsal prefrontal cortex associated with?

Answer 63

Mood and affect, particularly impulse control.

Question 64

What is the medial dorsal prefrontal cortex associated with?

Answer 64

Perceiving others' emotions and impulse control.

Question 65

What is visual object agnosia?

Answer 65

An inability to visually recognize objects despite having intact vision, often due to a lesion of the ventral stream.

Question 66

What is ideomotor apraxia?

Answer 66

An inability to develop a movement sequence, especially to command or mimic an activity.