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P2a - Neuro > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

how many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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2
Q

how many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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3
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system divided into?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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4
Q

where do the sympathetic nerves stem from?

A

thoracic and lumbar segments

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5
Q

where do the parasympathetic nerves stem from?

A

cranial nerves and sacral segments

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6
Q

where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

pre-central gyrus

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7
Q

what is the basal ganglia made up of?

A

caudate, putamen, globus pallidus

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8
Q

what is located below the calcarine sulcus?

A

visual cortex

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9
Q

where are the peduncles?

A

midbrain

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10
Q

which peduncle communicates with the cerebellum and the pons?

A

middle cerebellar peduncle

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11
Q

which spinal tract goes through the pyramids?

A

corticospinal tract

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12
Q

what level does the spinal cord end?

A

L1/2

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13
Q

where do the lower motor neurones synapse?

A

ventral horn of the grey matter

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14
Q

which tract conveys pain and temperature?

A

spinothalamic

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15
Q

where is the somatosensory cortex located?

A

postcentral gyrus

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16
Q

where is the internal capsule?

A

runs between the basal ganglia

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17
Q

where does the spinal cord start?

A

just below the medulla

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18
Q

how many segments are there to the spine?

A

31

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19
Q

how many cervical nerves are there?

A

8 pairs

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20
Q

how many thoracic nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

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21
Q

how many lumbar nerves are there?

A

5 pairs

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22
Q

how many sacral nerves are there?

A

5 pairs

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23
Q

how many coccygeal nerves are there?

A

1 pair

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24
Q

which part of the grey matter is dorsal?

A

the thinner part

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25
Q

what is a dermatome?

A

area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

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26
Q

what is a myotome?

A

muscle supplied by a single spinal nerve

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27
Q

what is in the white matter?

A

tracts

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28
Q

what do the ascending tracts carry?

A

mainly sensory information from peripheries to CNS

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29
Q

what do the descending tracts carry?

A

mainly motor information from the CNS to peripheries

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30
Q

what is in the grey matter?

A 
termination of afferents (dorsal horn) sensory 
Cell bodies of motor neurones 
Interneurons
Autonomic neurons 
Central canal
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31
Q

what is the dorsal column pathway?

A

dorsal, touch (fine tough), proprioception, cuneate fasciculus (UL) and gracile fasciculus (LL)

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32
Q

what is the spinothalamic pathway?

A

ventrolateral, pain, temp, crude touch, cell bodies in DRG, projects to dorsal grey horn, Synapses with 2nd neurons in grey horn, decussates via ventral white commissure then ascend, ipsilateral to the correct its meaning and contralateral to the part of body it receiving info from

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33
Q

what is the corticospinal pathway?

A

lateral is crossed (85%), ventral is uncrossed, Decussation of fibres at the pyramids, motor, UMN axons through internal capsule. 85% decussate at pyramids (lateral), LMN in ventral grey horn

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34
Q

which cranial nerves come from the cerebrum?

A

1 and 2

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35
Q

what type of nerves are the cranial nerves?

A

peripheral

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36
Q

which cranial nerves contain parasympathetic fibres?

A

3,7,9 and 10

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37
Q

which CN gives sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

trigeminal

38
Q

which CN innervated lateral rectus?

A

abducens

39
Q

which CN innervates the muscles of the tongue?

A

hypoglossal

40
Q

which CN innvervates the muscles of the pharynx and larynx?

A

vagus

41
Q

which CN controls the parasympathetic innervation of the sphincter pupils?

A

occulomotor

42
Q

which CN gives taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

glossophryngeal

43
Q

which CN innervated the muscles of mastication?

A

trigeminal

44
Q

which CNs control the corneal reflex?

A

trigeminal and facial

45
Q

which CN is affected in bell’s palsy?

A

facial

46
Q

what is CN1?

A

olfactory, smell, receptors in nasal cavity, cribriform plate (fracture = anosmia), olfactory bulb, tracts, temporal lobe

47
Q

what is CN2?

A

optic nerve, Crossing over of nasa fibres, primary visual cortex, calcarine sulcus, medial aspect opf occipital lobe, test = visual acuity, fields, fundoscopy, pupillary light reflex

48
Q

what is CN3?

A

oculomotor
Pupillary light, eye movements (deviated laterally) , test LPS/ looks for ptosis
Motor and parasympathetic

49
Q

what is CN4?

A

trochlear
Superior oblique
Isolated lesions uncommon
Paralysis = diplopia on looking down (tilting head)

50
Q

what is CN6?

A

abducens
Lateral rectus
Medial deviation= paralysis

51
Q

what is CN5?

A

trigeminal
Sensory and motor
Ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular (muscles of mastication)
Corneal reflex

52
Q

what is CN7?

A

facial
Sensory = taste to anterior ⅔ to tongue
Muscles of facial expression

53
Q

how do you distinguish between bells palsy or a stroke?

A 
(bell's palsy or stroke = weakness of all muscles or weakness of lower face, does the forehead still work?, upper controlled by both sides, lower is from the contralateral, UMN = weakness in only lower, LMN = weakness in all face muscles) 
Salivary glands (parasympathetic)
54
Q

what is CN8?

A

vestibulocochlear

Test - balance and gait, caloric test, hearing

55
Q

what is CN9?

A

glossopharyngeal
Afferent for gag reflex
Taste to posterior ⅓ of tongue
General sensation to pharynx and eustachian tube

56
Q

what is CN10?

A

vagus
Sensation - external auditory meatus, tympanic membrane, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus
Motor - muscles of soft palate, pharynx and larynx, swallowing and speech
Para - thoracic and abdominal viscera
Test - gag reflex, reflex contraction and elevation of soft palate

57
Q

what is CN11?

A

accessory

Muscles of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

58
Q

what is CN12?

A

hypoglossal

Motor of tongue, tongue deviates towards side of injured nerve

59
Q

which artery supplies the lateral parts of the hemispheres?

A

middle cerebral

60
Q

which artery supplies the occipital lobe?

A

posterior cerebral

61
Q

where is the circle of willis located?

A

in the subarachnoid space

62
Q

which artery do the vertebral arteries stem from?

A

subclavian

63
Q

where is the lower limb represented in the brain?

A

medial surface of the hemispheres

64
Q

where is the middle meningeal artery located?

A

the extradural space

65
Q

where is the majority of CFS absorbed into?

A

the superior sagittal sinus

66
Q

which kind of bleed in most likely to arise from trauma?

A

extradural bleed

67
Q

which kind of bleed is most likely to be spontaneous?

A

subarachnoid

68
Q

which kind of bleed will be described as ‘sudden onset worst headache ever’?

A

subarachnoid

69
Q

where would there be expansion upon occulsion of the cerebral aqueduct?

A

3rd ventricle and lateral ventricles

70
Q

what are the 3 meninges?

A

dura, arachnoid and pia

71
Q

what is the dura layer?

A

though and fibrous, 2 layers, periosteum = outer layer adhered to skull, meningeal = inner layer, folds into cranium, layers diverse = dural venous sinuses

72
Q

what is the arachnoid layer?

A

soft, thin, loose, villi project into venous sinuses to return CFS, granulation with age

73
Q

what is the pia layer?

A

thin cant be seen , blood vessels have pia on, blood brain barrier

74
Q

what is the extradural space?

A

between skull and outer dura layer, (only in some spaces, potential space, meningeal vessels, e,g, middle meningeal)

75
Q

what is the subdural space?

A

between the inner dura layer and the arachnoid, (potential space, not everywhere, bridging veins crossover)

76
Q

what is the subarachnoid space?

A

above pia, ventricular system continuous, CSF, circle of willis and branches

77
Q

what is a lumbar puncture used for?

A

CSF sampling - infection and subarachnoid haemorrhage

78
Q

when should you not do a lumbar puncture?

A

In patients with raised intracranial pressure and focal neurology

79
Q

where is a lumbar puncture done?

A

BELOW L2 (L3,4,5)

80
Q

what makes up the anterior circulation of the brain?

A

Left and right internal carotid -(carotid canal)

81
Q

what makes up the posterior circulation of the brain?

A

Left and right vertebral arteries -(foramen magnum)

82
Q

what branches off the internal carotid artery?

A

anterior and middle cerebral arteries

83
Q

what branches from the vertebrobasiliar system?

A

posterior cerebral, cerebellar vessels, supplies brainstem

84
Q

what is brocas area?

A

motor speech, supplies by middle cerebral

85
Q

what is wernicke area?

A

speech comprehension, supplied by middle cerebral

86
Q

occlusion of which vessel would induce lower limb weakness?

A

anterior cerebral artery

87
Q

occlusion of which vessel would induce upper limb weakness?

A

middle cerebral artery

88
Q

what is the blood supply to the deep brain structures?

A

perforating arteries

89
Q

what is the blood supply the the brain stem?

A

perforating arteries from the posterior cerebral artery

90
Q

what is the blood supply to the spinal cord?

A

1 anterior spinal artery and 2 posterior

P2a - Neuro (40 decks)

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