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Neuroanatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the MCA supply

A

frontal, pariteal and temporal

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2
Q

what does PCA supply and where does it come from

A

occipital and ventral surface of temporal.

comes from vertebral artery

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3
Q

what does ACA supply

A

frontal and pariteal

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4
Q

what do the central perforating arteries supply

A

thalamus, basal ganglia, subcortical white mater

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5
Q

give 4 features of the circle of willis

A

anatosomes, BBB, high SA and capilliary, autoregulation,

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6
Q

draw the dural venous sinuses out

A

sup.sag, straight, confluens, transwerse, inf.sag, sigmoid, caveronous , internal jugular

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7
Q

whats in the cavernous sinus

A

ICA, CN 3,4,5(1&2), 6

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8
Q

what arteries supply the posterior fossa of the brain?

A
  1. paramedian : close to the midline, posterior to the basilar, passes through full brainstem
  2. short circumflerential: lateral to brainstem
  3. long circumferential: postolateral to brain stem and parts of cerebellum:
    - SCA : superior cerebellum
    - AICA: ant,inf cerebellum
    - PICA: lateral medullla, post, inf cerebellum (branch of vertebral
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9
Q

what are the vertebral arteries, how many?

A
  1. single anterior spinal: travels up median fissure

2&3. posterior spinal

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10
Q

function of superior colliculus

A

vision

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11
Q

function of inferior colliculus

A

hearing

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12
Q

what is the tectum

A

inf & sup colliculus of midbrain

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13
Q

pineal gland function

A

melatonin (sleep/wake)

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14
Q

what lies in the basicular sulcus

A

basilar artery

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15
Q

Stria medullaris is a landmark of what

A

marks posterior border between pons and medulla

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16
Q

what two CN pass through midbrain and describe their positioning

A

3, 4

4: lateral either side of frenulum dorsal
3: between peduncles

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17
Q

describe positioning of CN in pons

A

5: pontine-cerebellar angle

6,7,8 medial to lateral anteriorly

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18
Q

whats in the deep ventral median fissure in the medulla

A

spinal cord

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19
Q

whats in the pyramids

A

the corticospinal tracts (motor)

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20
Q

where are the olives and what do they do?
whats the line of attachent
function?

A

project into contralateral cerebellar hemispheres.
dorsal sulcus is the line of attachment
motor learning and coordination

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21
Q

wheres the obex and what does it do

A

CTZ (chemical trigger zone (no BBB)) lower 2/3 point

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22
Q

what is the decussation?

A

75% of corticopinal tract decussate and mainly associated with limbs

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23
Q

what is the fasicalis cutanenous and gracialis and how do they differ and where are they in relationship to each other

A

cutaneous is lateral and gracialis is medial.

cut: T6 and up
grac: T6 and down

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24
Q

what is the function of the ventricles (4)

A

transport and remove CSF

  • protection : cushions
  • Buoyancy: prevents excess pressure
  • Chemical stabilitiy: maintains low K+
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25
where does the lateral ventricle sit
projects into frontal, occipital and temportal loe
26
3rd venticle position and connections
connects to lateral by foramen of monroe | sits in the middle of the thalamus
27
the 4th ventricle position and connection
cerebral aqueduct connects to 3rd | its between the pons and medulla and baths the spinal cord
28
whats the choroid plexus? | where does it drain and how?
- capilliaries and CT that drain CSF | - subarahnoid cisterns and drain into dural venous sinus and arachnoid granulation
29
whats hydrocephalus
abnormal collection of CSF in ventricles which increases cranial pressure
30
what communication (nonobstructive) Hydrocephalus
impairment of the arachnoid granulations (e.g. fibrosis)
31
whats non communicating (obstructive) hydrocephalus
obstructive- commonly in the cerebral aqueduct
32
what part of the rhombencephalon in embryonic development is the cerebellum from?
metencephalon
33
what is the tentorium cerebelli
tough dura mater that seperates cerebllum from temporal and occipital lobes
34
how many lobes are there in the cerebellum, whats their location
anterior (small arrow shaped) posterior (paired tonsils, vermis) flocculondular (most primitive- spacial awareness)
35
what does arborvitae mean
tree
36
how many parts of cerebellar peduncles are there and where do they connect and what fibres do they carry
superior CP: midbrain : from dentate nucleus, outward from cerebellum middle CP: pons inferior CP: medulla oblangata : spinal proprioception
37
what are the 3 functional divisions of the cerebellum - functions - input/output
1. cerebrocerebellum: largest (lateral) - planning movement, motor leaning, coordination, visually guided movements - input from pontine and cerebral cortex - output to thalamus and red nucleus 2. spinocerebellum: vermis - body movements, error correction, proprioception (ICP) 3. vestibulocerebellum: flocculonodular lobe - balance, ocular reflex, targetting - output and input into vestibular system and nuclei
38
what does the somatopic map of the cerebellum look like?
a man jumping out the plane yeet
39
whats the vasculature of the cerebellum (3)
SCA: superior anterior lobe AICA: anterior, inferior PICA: posterior, inferior
40
draw the histology of the cerebellum
- mossy fibres and inferioir olivary nucleus | - granular cells, parallel fibres, purkinje, DCN
41
what kind of cells are purkinje fibres
GABAnergic
42
how does synaptic plasticity occur in the cerebellum
when parallel fibres and climbing fibres synpase at the same time changing the biochemistry of the purkinje fibres causing long term depression
43
what are the symptoms associated with cerebellum dysfunction
DANISH - dysdiochokinesia - ataxia - nystagmus - intention tremor - scanning speech - hypotonia
44
what is the cingulate gyri and what does it do
encircles the corpus callosum and is in the medial border of the two cerebral hemispheres
45
what is the limbic systems function
mood, emotion, pain perception, motication, behaviour, memory, olfaction
46
in what disorder would you cut the corpus callosum
epilepsy
47
what does the limbic system involve (6)
hypothalamus, amygdala, cinguate an parahippocamal gyri, septal areas, midbrain and basal ganglia
48
what is the subgenal area and a clinical feature
under the genu its underactive in depression
49
retrosplenal area and function
corpus callosum, behind splenium and involved in episodic memory
50
what is the function of the anterior cingulate gyrus
its involved in the emotional response to pain
51
what does abulia mean
the inability to act decisively and with free will
52
describe the hippocampus shape
sea horse shape: | tail= parahippocampus
53
whats the function of the denate gyrus
superior cerebellum peduncle output
54
what is the function of the entorhinal cortex in hippocampus, where is it and a clinical feature
anterior part of PHCG episodic and spatical navigation. | first too go in alzheimers and ability to retain new memories
55
what is the uncus of the hippocampus and a clinical feature
hook into olfactory bulb. seizures here produce strange smells
56
what is the fornix of the hippocampus
divides the two hemispheres and is involved in transparent memories
57
types of memories
short: plans of action long: encoding, storage and retrieval: - declarative: semantic: facts episodic: personal events - nondeclarative procedural: muscle memory
58
what are mammillary bodies and their function as well as what would you expect to find in an alcoholic
joins thalamus and other parts and relays into thalamus, and has a role in recognitial memory and processing. in alcoholics you would expect to find atrophy and gliosis
59
role of amygdala and location
anterior/ventral to hippocampus | role in emotional response and emotional learning
60
what are the three nuclei of the amygdala and roles
medial: olfactory lateral: auditory and vision central: emotional response
61
what is the function of the basal ganglia
initation of voluntary movements and motor learning
62
what makes up the basal ganglia
corpus striatum, substantia niagra and subthalamic nucleus
63
what makes up the corpus striatum
``` caudate nucleus lentiform nucleus (putamen) ```
64
what are the 3 loops of the basal ganglia
1. cognition= caudate 2. pure motor= putamen 3. emotional response= limbic
65
what regulates the loops of the basal ganglia and where does it orginate and travel through
dopamine | comes from substantia niagra and travels through nigrostriatal tract
66
which Dopamine receptors are inhibitory or excitatory
D1,5: excites (direct) | D2,3,4: inhibition (indirect
67
where is the substantia niagra found. why is it that colour
in the midbrain between the peduncles | its black due to neuromelanin which is a product of dopamine synthesis
68
describe the pathways of the direct pathway in basal ganglia
motor cortex- striatum (E)- inhibits GPI (disinhition)- this means less inhibtion on thalamus- excition of motor cortex initating muscle movement. subthalamic and substantia niagra work as feedback. if SN is excited it releases dopamine onto GPI to cause even more disinhibtion
69
describe the indirect pathway
feedback from the GPE to striatum causing inhibiton of striatum. inhbiting movement.
70
whats a common pathology of the caudate nucleus and symptoms
huntingtons: affects cognition
71
common pathology of basal ganglia
parkinsons: reduced dopamine, tremor, bradykinesia, gait shuffle, less disinhibiton
72
what is supplementary motor area pathology
caused usually by infarcation of ACA, reduces spontaneous movements
73
what is the embryo start of forebrain (clinical disease)
telencephalon/ prosencephalon - | ancencephaly
74
what is the embryo of thalamus
diencephalon
75
what is the embryo start of the midbrain
mesencephalon
76
what is the embryo start of the pons and cerebellum
rhombocephalon: | 1. metencephalon
77
what is the embryo starts of the medulla oblangata and a clinical attachment to it
rhombocephalon: | mylencephalon (worst spinidifida)

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