Neuroanatomy and Neurologic Examination Basics Flashcards by Jadda Sajo

What law applies to vergence of yoked muscles?

a. Sherrington’s Law
b. Hering’s Law
c. Harrington’s Law
d. None of the above

b. Hering’s Law

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Unilateral lesion fo the PPRF produces which of the findings?

a. ipsilateral gaze deviation
b. gaze evoked nystagmus towards the side of the lesion
c. loss of horizontal saccades directed towards the side of the lesion
d. Loss of horizontal saccades away from the side of the lesion

c. Loss of horizontal saccades directed towards the side of the lesion

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All are part of the frontal assessment battery test except
A. Lexical fluency
b. Similarities
c. Conflicting instructions
d. None of the above

d. none of the above

Components include:

a. Similarities (Conceptualization)
b. Lexical fluency (Mental flexibility)
c. Motor series( Luria test)
d. Conflicting instructions (sensitivity to interference)
e. Go- no go( inhibitory control)
f. prehension behavior (environmental autonomy)

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Frontal executive functions includes:

a. planning and organizational skills
b. motivation
c. problem solving
d. all of the above

d. all of the above

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Which part of the prefrontal cortex is important in organization of self ordered tasks?

a. Orbitofrontal cortex
b. Medial prefrontal cortex
c. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
d. all of the above

c. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

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The following are innervated by the oculomotor nerve except
A. Muller’s muscle
B. Superior Rectus
C. Pupillary Constrictors
D. Inferior Oblique

A. Muller’s Muscle

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How many centimeters away from the patient should the examiner’s finger be when testing fro the range of movement of the eyes?
A. 30 cm
B. 40 cm
C. 50 cm
D. 60 cm

C.50 CM

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What is the afferent arc of the gag reflex?

a. CN VIII
b. CN IX
c. CN X
d. CN XI

b. CN IX

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Proper technique for hyperventilation test requires asking the patient to breathe as deeply and quickly as possible for a full:

a. 1 minute
b. 2 minutes
c. 3 minutes
d. 4 minutes

a. 1 minute

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Central relay nucleus of the auditory pathway and receives both ascending and descending input?

a. superior colliculus
b. inferior colliculus
c. medial geniculate body
d. lateral geniculate body

b. inferior colliculus

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A special sensory nucleus of the thalamus that is the final relay station in the auditory pathway

a. pulvinar
b. Ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus
c. medial geniculate body
d. lateral geniculate body

c. medial geniculate body

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True or false. The primary auditory cortex is tonotropically organized with high frequencies medial and low frequencies lateral.

True

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Largest sensory ganglion in the peripheral nervous system

Trigeminal ganglion or gasserian ganglion/semilunar ganglion

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Looking in the direction of the fast phase of a jerk nystagmus increases its amplitude

What law?

Alexander’s Law

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A unilateral corneal arcus is diagnostic of what condition?

Carotid artery stenosis

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If the palate fails to elevate when the patient says Ah but does not elevate during the gag reflex, there is a lesion of the ____.

UMN

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In activating muscles for voluntary contractions, the cerebrum communicates with the cerebellum via the corticopontocerebellar pathway, which ends mainly in the ________ lobe of the cerebellum.

posterior

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Rods mediate

a. peripheral field of vision
b. night vision
c. motion detection
d. all of the above

d. all of the above

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Rhythmic dilation and contraction of pupils

hippus

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outflow pathway of the olfactory bulb

olfactory tract

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principal neurons of the olfactory bulb

mitral cells and tufted cells

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what are the parts of the limbic system

CUSIP

Cingulate gyrus
Uncus
Subcallosal gyrus
isthmus of the cingulate gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus

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3 regions of the hippocampal formation

hippocampus
dentate gyrus
subiculum

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field in the hippocampus which is highly sensitive to anoxia and ischemia

CA1

sommer’s sector

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only neurons which contribute to the outflow tract from the hippocampus a. principal neurons (pyramidal neurons) b. intrinsic neurons (polymorphic cell, basket cell)

a. principal neurons

Responsible for initiation of horizontal eye movements

gaze center in frontal lobe

pulse generation for horizontal saccades is located in the

PPRF | paramedian pontine reticular formation

pulse generator for vertical saccades is located in the

mesencephalic RiMLF | rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus

which area of the cortex has a prominent layer V and contains the giant pyramidal cells of Betz? A. Auditory cortex B. Frontal eye fields C. Primary motor cortex D. Visual Cortex

C. Primary motor Cortex

Which area of the cortex has a prominent layer IV (internal granular layer)? A. Primary motor Cortex B. Primary Sensory Cortex C. Frontal eye Fields D. Visual Cortex

B. Primary Sensory Cortex >receives information from the thalamus

Which neurotransmitter is used by the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex? A. Acetylcholine B. GABA C. Glutamate D. Glycine

C. Glutamate (excitatory) others: Glycine - prominent in the spinal cord

This dense band of horizontally oriented fibers are formed from fibers originating from the thalamic sensory nuclei and are prominent in the PRIMARY CORTICAL SENSORY areas

Internal band of Baillarger

bilateral lesions of which area can cause ageusia (lack of taste)? a. insular cortex b. pars triangularis c. superior temporal gyrus d. inferior temporal gyrus

a. insular cortex

stimulation of which area of the cortex in one hemisphere can produce bilateral movement? a. supplementary motor area b. inferior frontal gyrus c. prefrontal cortex d. cingulate gyrus

a. supplementary motor area

which of the following gyri is primary auditory cortex? A. angular gyrus B. inferior temporal gyrus C. Middle temporal gyrus D. Transverse gyrus of Heschl

D. Transverse gyrus of Heschl aka. Brodmann area 41 and 42

T/F Unilateral injury to the primary auditory cortex causes ipsilateral hearing loss

False! Unilateral injury to the primary auditory cortex DOES NOT cause hearing loss

Frontal eye fields are located in the A. Superior frontal gyrus B. Middle frontal gyrus C. Inferior frontal gyrus D. Precentral gyrus

B. Middle frontal gyrus

Which area of the cortex directs the activity of the primary motor cortex, assisting in grasping, reaching and skilled movements?

Premotor Cortex | BA 6

Which area of the cortex is involved in social behavior, conscious perception of smell and awareness of flavors? A lesion in this area may cause disinhibition, socially inappropriate behavior

orbitofrontal cortex

Which area of the cortex is involved in planning, judgment, problem solving, executive function

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Which area of the cortex is involved with motivation?

mesial frontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus

which of the following structures most directly connects the hippocampi? A. Stria terminalis B. Hippocampal commissure C. Ventral amygdalofugal pathway D. Medial forebrain bundle

B. Hippocampal commissure

Which of the following is the largest commissure? A. Anterior commissure B. Posterior commissure C. Corpus callosum D. Hippocampal commissure

C. Corpus callosum

Which of the following structure connects the frontal lobe with the temporal and occipital lobe? A. Cingulum B. Inferior longitudinal fasciculus C. Superior longitudinal fasciculus D. Projection fiber

C. superior longitudinal fasciculus Cingulum - anterior perforate substance with parahippocampal gyrus Inferior longitudinal fasciculus - connects temporal with occipital lobe Projection fibers - connects cerebral cortex to other subcortical structures, brainstem and spinal cord uncinate fasciculus - inferior frontal lobe with anterior temporal lobe

In the papez circuit, | which structure carries information from the hippocampal formation to the mammillary bodies?

Fornix

Which of the following is the major input and output relay between vision, auditory and somatosensory association cortex and the hippocampus? A. Entorrhinal cortex B. Fornix C. Piriform cortex D. Periamygdaloid cortex

A. Entorrhinal cortex

1. Which limbic structure is part of the VENTRAL STRIATUM and is involved in motivation, habits and rewards? A. amygdala b. cingulate gyrus c. nucleus accumbens d. subthalamic nucleus 2. what is the neurotransmitter in this process?

1. C. Nucleus accumbens | 2. Dopamine

This band of myelinated fibers runs along the rostrocaudal extent of the thalamus and separates the medial from the lateral group of nuclei

internal medullary lamina

Which nucleus is most likely to be injured in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome? a. anterior nucleus b. ventral anterior nucleus c. mediodorsal nucleus d. pulvinar

c. mediodorsal nucleus

lesions of the medulla can cause which of the following? ``` A. neurogenic pulmonary edema B. Early satiety C. Inability to sneeze D. Ondine's curse E. All of the above ```

all of the above!

only neuron that sends its axons outside the cerebellum. Considered as the principal neuron of the cerebellum ``` A. Basket Cell B. Purkinje cell C. Stellate Cell D. Golgi Cell E. Granule Cell ```

B. Purkinje cell

which region of the cerebellum coordinates movement of the trunk? A. Cerebellar Hemisphere B. Paravermis C. Vermis

C. Vermis A. Cerebellar Hemisphere - ipsilateral fine motor control B. Paravermis - limb movement C. Vermis - truncal tone and movement

Lesions of which lobe of the cerebellum cause the rostral vermis syndrome, which is characterized by a wide based stance and gait ataxia? A. Anterior B. Flocculonodular C. Posterior

A. Anterior Anterior lobe - receives majority of the input from the spinocerebellar tracts causes rostral vermis syndrome Flocculonodular lobe: caudal vermis syndrome - head and trunk tremor, truncal imbalance, nystagmus Posterior lobe cerebellar hemispheric syndrome ataxia of the ipsilateral appendicular movement

Lesions of which structure can cause head and trunk tremor, truncal imbalance and nystagmus? A. cerebrocerebellum B. Spinocerebellum C. Vestibulocerebellum

C. Vestibulocerebellum

Which deep cerebellar nucleus is responsible for fine motor dexterity? A. Dentate B. Emboliform C. Globose D. Fastigial

A. Dentate

Which peduncle carries most the output from the cerebellum? A. Inferior cerebellar peduncle B. Middle cerebellar peduncle C. Superior cerebellar peduncle

C. Superior cerebellar peduncle

Which type of cell is the major source of inhibitory output from the cerebellar cortex? A. Purkinje cell B. Stellate Cell C. Basket cell D. Granule cell

A. Purkinje cell Purkinje cells inhibit the deep cerebellar nuclei and are the major source of inhibitory output from the cerebellar cortex Axons of some purkinje cells project to vestibular nuclei

which cranial nerve is responsible for general sensation from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue? A. Trigeminal nerve B. Facial nerve C. Glossopharyngeal nerve D. Vagus nerve

A. Trigeminal nerve general sensation!! of anterior 2/3 of tongue taste of anterior 2/3 - facial taste of posterior 1/3 - CN 9

The only tongue muscle innervated by Cranial Nerve X (Vagus Nerve)?

palatoglossus

Which of the following is not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve? a. genioglossus b. palatoglossus c. hyoglossus d. styloglossus

b. palatoglossus

AKA vertical gaze center

rostral interstitial nucleus of the Medial longitudinal fasciculus riMLF

Relay center for hearing

medial geniculate nucleus

thalamic relay center for auditory stimuli

medial geniculate nucleus

only cell in the cerebellum that in excitatory a. purkinje cell b. stellate cell c. granule cell d. golgi type II cell e. basket cell

c. granule cell

Neuroanatomy and Neurologic Examination Basics Flashcards

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