Neurochemistry Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
Area within the synaptic terminal where a neurotransmitter is stored
A
Synaptic vesicle
2
Q
Processes required for release of the neurotransmitter to the postsynaptic neuron
A
Membrane fusion
Exocytosis
3
Q
Area the neurotransmitter occupies post synapse
A
Postsynaptic neuronal membrane
4
Q
Activity the neurotransmitter has on the presynaptic neuron which is important for feedback inhibition
A
Autoreceptor activity
5
Q
Model for the idea that only a particular chemical shape can be accommodated by a particular receptor site
A
Lock and key
6
Q
Type of binding of neurotransmitters where the receptor changes back to its previous state once the neurotransmitter breaks down
A
Reversible
7
Q
Type of binding where the neurotransmitter structurally alters the receptor site
A
Irreversible
8
Q
Idea that the relative concentrations of different molecules decide what binds to the receptor
A
Competitive receptor binding
9
Q
Ways a neurotransmitter can cease to be active at a receptor site
A
Reuptake back to the presynaptic neuron
Enzymatic breakdown
Removal by glia or plasma circulation
10
Q
Neurotransmitters that are monoamines
A
Dopamine Adrenaline Noradrenaline Serotonin Histamine
11
Q
Neurotransmitters that are amino acids
A
GABA
Glycine
Glutamate
Aspartate
12
Q
Neurotransmitters that are peptides
A
Endorphins Cholecystokinin Neurotensin Neuropeptide Y Leptin Ghrelin
13
Q
Three categories of receptors
A
Ligand gated - ionotropic
G protein coupled - metabotropic
Nuclear
14
Q
Speed of response of ionotropic vs. metabotropic recptors
A
Ionotropic faster than metabotropic
15
Q
Ion that enters in inhibitory neurotransmitter action of ionotropic receptors
A
Cl-
16
Q
Ion that enters in excitatory neurotransmitter action on ionotropic receptors
A
Ca2+ or other cations
17
Q
Examples of ionotropic receptors
A
GABA a
NMDA
5HT3
18
Q
Excitatory proteins that act on metabotropic receptors
A
Gs
19
Q
Inhibitory proteins that act on metabotropic receptors
A
Gi
20
Q
Examples of metabotropic receptors
A
Dopamine receptors
5HT receptors except 5HT3
Opioid receptors
21
Q
Substances made in the synthesis of dopamine
A
Phenylalanine (essential amino acid)
Tyrosine (can also start with tyrosine, a non-essential amino acid)
L-dopa
Dopamine
22
Q
Enzyme which is the rate limiting step in synthesising dopamine
A
Tyrosine hydroxylase
23
Q
Enzymes which degrade dopamine
A
Monoamine oxidase (MAO B more than MAO A) Catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT)
24
Q
End product of dopamine breakdown
A
Homovanillic acid
25
Reuptake method for dopamine
Dopamine transporter
26
Effect of cocaine on the reuptake of dopamine
Inhibits it
27
Function of dopamine
```
Motivation
Novelty seeking
Reward circuit
Arousal
Motor movement in basal ganglia
```
28
Dopamine receptors
D1 - D5
29
Two major types of dopamine receptors
D1 like - D1 and D5
| D2 like - D2, D3 and D4
30
Category of receptor the dopamine receptors fit into
G protein coupled receptors
31
Effect of D1 like dopamine receptors
Excitatory
| Increase adenylate cyclase
32
Effect of D2 like receptors
Inhibitory
| Decrease adenylate cyclase
33
Part of the brain D4 is primarily found
Frontal cortex
34
Dopamine receptor clozapine has a high affinity for
D4
35
Level of dopamine in Parkinson's disorder
Low
36
Level of dopamine in psychosis
High
37
Area of raised dopamine in psychosis
Mesolimbic area
38
Substances made in the synthesis of noradrenaline/adrenaline
```
Phenylalanine (essential amino acid)
Tyrosine (can start directly with tyrosine - non-essential amino acid)
L-dopa
Dopamine
Noradrenaline
Adrenaline
```
39
Rate limiting enzyme in the synthesis of noradrenaline/adrenaline
Tyrosine hydroxylase
40
Enzyme for the conversion of dopamine to noradrenaline
Dopamine-b-hydroxylase
41
Enzyme for the conversion of noradrenaline to adrenaline
Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase
42
Enzymes which degrade noradrenaline
MAO (MAO A more than MAO B)
| COMT
43
Breakdown products of noradrenaline
3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG)
| Vanillyl mandelic acid (VMA)
44
Major metabolite of noradrenaline in the CNS
MHPG
45
Major metabolite of noradrenaline in the peripheral nervous system
VMA
46
Reuptake method of noradrenaline
Noradrenaline reuptake channel
47
Effect of tricyclics on the reuptake of noradrenaline
Inhibis
48
Effect of reboxetine on the reuptake of noradrenaline
Inhibits
49
Function of noradrenaline
Arousal
Anxiety
Sympathetic effects - increase in blood pumped, increase in BP, increase in glucose production, increase in glucose uptake by skeletal muscles
50
Noradrenaline receptors
```
Alpha 1
Alpha 2
Beta 1
Beta 2
Beta 3
```
51
Effect of alpha 1 noradrenaline receptors
Activate phospholipase C
52
Effect of alpha 2 receptors
Inhibit adenylate cyclase - act as presynaptic autoreceptors
53
Levels of noradrenaline in depression
Low
54
Levels of noradrenaline in panic/anxiety disorder
High
55
Substances made in the synthesis of serotonin
Tryptophan (essential amino acid)
5 hydroxy l-tryptophan
Serotonin
56
Rate limiting step in synthesis of serotonin
Availability of tryptophan
57
Enzyme involved in the synthesis of serotonin from 5 hydroxy l-tryptophan
Tryptophan hydroxylase
58
Enzymes involved in the breakdown of serotonin
MAO - more MAO A than MAO B
59
Breakdown product of serotonin
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
60
Reuptake method for serotonin
Serotonin reuptake channel
61
Effect of SSRIs on reuptake of serotnin
Block
62
Effect of TCAs on reuptake of serotonin
Block
63
Functions of serotonin
```
Mood
Perception of pain
Feeding
Sleep wake cycle
Motor activity
Sexual behaviour
Temperature regulation
```
64
Subtypes of serotonin receptors
```
5HT1a, 5HT1b, 5HT1d, 5HT1e, 5HT1f
5HT2a, 5HT2b, 5HT2c
5HT3
5HT4
5HT5a, 5HT5b
5HT6
5HT7
```
65
Category of receptor 5HT3 falls into
Ionotropic
66
Category of receptor all 5HT receptors fall into other than 5HT3
G protein coupled
67
Main function of 5HT3 receptors
Gut motility
68
Main functions of 5HT1a receptors
Mood
| Sexual function
69
Receptor stimulated by LSD
5HT2
70
Main action of 5HT7 receptor
Circadian rhythm
71
Effect of antagonism of 5HT2 receptors
Sedation
| Antipsychotic response by atypical antipsychotics
72
Compounds used in the synthesis of acetylcholine
Choline
| Acetyl CoA
73
Rate limiting step in synthesis of acetylcholine
Availability of choline
74
Enzyme involved in synthesis of acetylcholine
Choline acetyltransferase
75
Enzyme involved in breakdown of acetylcholine
Acetylcholinesterase
76
Breakdown product of acetylcholine
Choline
77
Functions of acetylcholine
```
Arousal
Learning
Memory
Rapid eye movement
Sleep
Pain perception
Thirst
Parasympathetic nervous system
```
78
Two main types of acetylcholine receptors
Nicotinic acetycholine receptor
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
79
Category of receptor for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Ionotropic
80
Category of receptor for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
G protein coupled receptor
81
More common type of acetylcholine receptor in the CNS
Muscarinic
82
Source for synthesis of GABA
Glutamate
83
Enzyme needed for GABA synthesis
Glutamic acid decarboxylase
84
Rate limiting step for GABA synthesis
Glutamic acid decarboxylase catalysis
85
Breakdown enzyme for GABA
GABA transaminase
86
Breakdown product for GABA
Glutamate which then breaks down to succinic acid
87
Inhibitor enzyme for the reuptake of GABA
Tiagabine
88
Two types of GABA receptors
GABAa
| GABAb
89
Category of GABAa receptor
Ligand gated ionotropic
90
Category of GABAb receptor
G protein coupled receptor
91
Definition of a neurotransmitter
Substance released from a presynaptic nerve terminal which produces rapid excitatory or inhibitory effects on the postsynaptic cell
92
Neurotransmitters that are other amines
Acetylcholine
93
Major excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS
Glutamate
94
Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS
GABA
95
General effect of glutamate on neurons
Causes them to depolarise
96
General effect of GABA on neurons
Causes them to hyperpolarise
97
Routes of synthesis of glutamate
Glutamine + glutaminase = glutamate
| Aspartate + alpha ketoglutarate (intermediate of the TCA cycle) = oxaloacetate + glutamate
98
Breakdown products of glutamate
Glutamine
| Alpha ketoglutaride
99
Neurotransmitter produced by glutamate
GABA
100
Reuptake process of glutamate
Reuptake by glial cells then conversion to glutamine
101
Cellular effect of increased glutamate
Cell death from excess intracellular calcium via excitotoxicity
102
Diseases associated with excitotoxicity
```
Stroke
Alzheimer's disease
Seizures
Autism
ALS
```
103
Types of glutamate receptor
G protein coupled receptors - group 1, 2, 3
| Ionotropic receptors - NMDA, AMPA, kainate
104
Primary inhibitor neurotransmitter in the spinal cord
Glycine
105
Source of glycine
Serine
106
Enzymes involved in glycine synthesis
Serine trans-hydroxymethylase
| Glycerate dehydrogenase
107
Rate limiting step in glycine synthesis
Availability of serine trans-hydroxymethylase and glycerate dehydrogenase
108
Effect of glycine on glutamate receptors
Adjunctive excitatory neurotransmitter
109
Effect of glycine in the spinal cord
Inhibitory neurotransmitter - acts alone
110
Experimental agent used to treat negative symptoms of schizophrenia which is a glycine reuptake inhibitor
Bitopertin
111
Two types of endocannabinoids
Anandamide
| 2-arachnidonylglycerol
112
Effects of anandamide
Decreased activity level
Pain relief
Decreased intraocular pressure
113
Effects of neurotrophins
Influence proliferation and differentiation of neurons and glial cells
114
Effects of dopa decarboxylase (DDC)
Synthesises dopamine from L Dopa
| Synthesises serotonin from 5 hydroxy l-tryptophan
115
Receptor which mediates long term potentiation
NMDA
116
Brain area where acetylcholine is synthesised
Basal nucleus of Meynert
117
Brain areas where dopamine is synthesised
Ventral tegmentum
Substantia nigra
Pars compacta
118
Brain area where GABA is synthesised
Nucleus accumbens
119
Brain area where noradrenaline is synthesised
Locus ceruleus
120
Brain area where serotonin is synthesised
Raphe nuclei - both median and dorsal
121
Function of mu opioid receptors
Regulation of pain
122
Catecholamine neurotransmitters
Dopamine
| Noradrenaline
123
Indolamine neurotransmitter
Serotonin
124
Awarded a Nobel prize for discovering dopamine's role as a neurotransmitter
Carlsson
125
Gases which act as neurotransmitters
Carbon monoxide
| Nitric oxide
126
Receptor which is involved in insomnia, agitation and sexual dysfunction effects of SSRIs
5HT2
127
Neurotransmitters that are classed as large molecules
Neuropeptides
Endorphins
Oxytocin
Cannabinoids
128
GABA a agonists
Ethanol
Benzodiazepines
Z-drugs
Barbiturates
129
GABA a antagonist
Flumazenil
130
GABA b agonists
Baclofen
| GHB
131
Exogenous cannabinoids
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
| Cannabidiol (CBD)
132
Exocannabinoid which is the main psychoactive component of cannabis
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
133
Cells in the GI tract which synthesise serotonin
Enterochromaffin cells
134
Precursor to serotonin which is able to cross the blood brain barrier, unlike serotonin
L-tryptophan
135
Enzymes which break down serotonin
MAO
| Aldehyde dehydrogenase
136
Disease associated with nitric oxide
Depression
137
Foods high in choline
```
Vegetables
Liver
Egg yolk
Dairy
Seeds
```
138
Biogenic amines
```
Histamine
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Dopamine
Sertraline
```
139
Category of receptor opioid receptors fall into
G protein coupled receptor
140
Neurotransmitter known to play a role in regulating arousal, wakefulness, and appetite
Orexin
141
Serotonin receptor which is an auto-receptor
5HT1B
142
Major neurotransmitter which can be released from astrocytes
Glutamate
143
Substances which act as secondary messengers in the CNS
```
Calcium
cAMP
cGMP
Inositol trisphosphate
Diacylglycerol
```
144
Rate limiting step in alcohol metabolism
Alcohol dehydrogenase
145
Dopamine receptor most abundant in the human brain
D1
146
Glucocorticoid and progestin receptor antagonist which it is felt could improve symptoms of major depression
Mifepristone
147
Effects of stimulation of the opioid receptors
```
Analgesia
Euphoria
Miosis
Hypotension
Bradycardia
Respiratory depression
```
148
Opioid receptor responsible for opioid dependence
Mu receptor
149
Smallest brain peptide
Thyrotropin releasing factor
150
Hypothalamic nucleus dopamine originates from
Arcuate
151
Part of the body where most MAO A is found
Liver
| GI tract
152
Part of the body where most MAO B is found
Brain
153
Substance nitric oxide is synthesised from
L-arginine
154
Enzyme which stimulates the synthesis of nitric oxide from L-arginine
Nitric oxide synthase
