Neurodevelopment disorders Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 6 common factors for developing neurodevelopmental disorders
A
- genetic abnormalites
- exposure to teratogens
- nutritional defieiecies
- deprivation
- trauma
- infections
2
Q
What is nature?
A
Things we are born with
3
Q
A
4
Q
What is nurture?
A
prenatal, perinatal and postnatal environment
5
Q
What are these factors of?
- nutritional defiences, exposure to teratogen
A
Prenatal factors
6
Q
What are these factors of?
- preterm birth, birth weight or small for gestational age
A
Perinatal factors
7
Q
What are these factors of?
opportunity to learn and practice skill, exposure to pollutants, inadequate nurture and bonding, parental and child-rearing practices
A
Postnatal factors
8
Q
When is CNS more susceptible to malformations?
A
Day 14 - week 20 gestation
9
Q
When is incidence for distrubtion in cellular proliferation is at its highest?
A
3 - 4 months of gestation
10
Q
When is interference in neural migration process is the greatest?
A
3 - 5 months
11
Q
When could there be disruption in the organization process?
A
5 months to early childhood
12
Q
When is the peak time for interuptions in myelination processes
A
3 years old
13
Q
When do the following disorders form?
- Anencephaly
- Arnold-Chiari Malformations
- Spina Bifida Occulta
- Spina Bifida Aperta
A
Neural Tube Formation
14
Q
When do the following disorders form?
- Fetal Alchohol Syndrome
- Cocaine-Affected Nervous System
A
Cellular Proliferation
15
Q
When do the following disorders form?
- Lissencephaly
- Heterotopia
- Seizures
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
A
Neuronal Migration
16
Q
When do the following disorders form?
- Intellectual Disability
- Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)
- Cerebral Palsy
- Developmental Coordination Disorder
- ASD
A
Organization
17
Q
When do the following disorders form?
- Leukodystorphies
- ASD
A
Myelination
18
Q
When do these following neurodevelopmental disorders take place?
- Neural tube disorders
- chromosomal disorders
- drugs
- chemicals
- TORCH infections
A
0 - 6+ weeks gestation
19
Q
When do these following neurodevelopmental disorders take place?
- neurocutaneous syndromes and maternal problems
- diabetes
- toxemia
- multiple pregancies
- placental dysfunction
A
1 Month Gestation to Birth
20
Q
When do these following neurodevelopmental disorders take place?
- prematurity
- trauma
- aspiration
A
Perinatal
21
Q
When do these following neurodevelopmental disorders take place?
- progressive encephalopathies
- infections
- trauma
- childhood nervous system turmor
- complications of spina bifida aperta
A
Postnatal
22
Q
What is this neural tube disorder?
Abnormal development of the spinal cord and surrounding nerves and vertebrae
A
Spina Bifida
23
Q
What neural tube disorder is this?
Malformation of the spinal cord open to the surface of the body
A
Myeloschisis
23
Q
What is spina bifida’s associated cause?
A
Maternal nutrtional deficits in folic acid
23
# What neural disorder has these structure/function abnormalities?
- CSF-filled cysts not covered in skin and contain meninges, spinal cord, nerve roots that protrude out of spinal canal through dorsal bony defect
- hydrocephallus, tethered cord syndrome, brainstem and cerebellar malformation
Myelomeningoele
23
# What neural tube disorder is this?
Neural tube does not protrude through bony defect
Spina Bifida Occulta
23
What is the developmental process disturbance for Myelomenngoele?
impaired neurulation
23
# What neural tube disorder is this?
Neural tissue (spinal cord and nerve roots) and meninges protrude through bony defect
Myelomeningocele
23
# What neural disorder has these deficits?
- intellectual disability, lack of bladder and bowel control
- impaired or absent sensation
- deficit in timing and coordination of movements of UE and trunk
- paresis of lower trunk
Myelomeningoele
24
# What neural disorder has these etiology?
maternal nutritional deficits (lacks folic acid)
Myelomeningoele
25
Why is overproduction and elimination of neurons necessary for brain connectivty?
Optimizes brain function
26
What is abnormal quantity of cells in cortex?
Abnormal Gyri
27
What is gray matter is displaced into deep cerebral white matter
Heterotopia
28
What is poor muscle tone and motor function, seizures, developmental delays, intellectual disability, mircocephaly and feeding difficulties
Lissencephally
29
# What neuronal disorder has these characteristics?
- extra chromosome 47 vs 46
- neuromuscular, musculoskeletal, cardiopulmonary pathologies
- intellectual disabilities and global developmental delays
Down Syndrome
30
# What neuronal disorder has these developmental process disturbances?
- impaired cell proliferation, migration, axonal and dendritic growth, synapogenesis, myelination
Down Syndrome
31
# What neuronal disorder has these Structure/Function Abnormalities?
- reduced brain weight and volume in amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum, frontal and temporal lobes, smaller brain convolutions, microcephaly, microbrachycephaly
- decreased production of nervous, smaller neurons altered synaptic morphology, structural abnormalities in dendritic spines in pyramidal tracts of motor cortex
- delayed myelination averaging 12 months
Down Syndrome
32
# What neuronal disorder has these deficits?
- impairments in executive function, declarative memory, learning, low muscle tone, postural control issues and delays in motor and language development
Down Syndrome
33
# What neuronal disorder has these etiology?
- abnormal cell divsion resulting in extra genetic material from chromsome 21
Down Syndrome
34
# What neuronal disorder has these characteristics?
- impaired social interaction
- impaired communication
- restricted interests
- repetitive behaviors
Autism Spectrum Disorder
35
# What neuronal disorder has these developmental process disturbances?
- atypical brain organization
- abnormal neurogenesis, cell proliferation, migration, cell fate
- abnormal synaptogensis
- imbalance excitatory and inhibitory neurons
Autism Spectrum Disorder
36
# What neuronal disorder has these structure/function abnormalities?
- disorganized arrangement of cells in prefrontal and temporal cortex
- abnormal communications/connections among cerebral areas
- increased gray matter volume in frontal lobe and temporal cortexes
- larger than normal amygdala during childhood, doesn't persist in adolesence
- abnormally strong connection of sensory cortex's and the amygdala
- greater than normal amount of synapses from lack of pruning
Autism Spectrum Disorder
37
# What neuronal disorder has these deficits?
- impaired cognition, social use of language, working memory
- under- and over- responsive to stimuli and seek repetitve sensory stimuli
- autonomic dsyfunctions associated with anxiety, depression, and stress
- motor deficits
AutAutism Spectrum Disorder
38
# What neuronal disorder has this etiology
- genetics, epigenetic, environmental factors
- heritability is 90%
- increase risk associated with older patients conception, maternal obesity, and preterm birth
Autism Spectrum Disorder
39
# What are neuronal disorder has this characteristic?
- movement and postural behavior
- permanent, nonprogressive damage to developing brain, abnormal brain development occuring prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal to 2 years old
Cerebral Palsy
40
# What neuronal disorder has this developmental process disturbances?
- interferes with organization processes due to lesion interrupting axons descending from the cerebrum to the spinal cord
- eliminates competition for synaptic sites during critical periods inappropriate connections and abnormal development of spinal motor centers
- defiency in descending control
Cerebral Palsy
41
# What neuronal disorder has these stucture/function abnormalities
- brain atrophy impacting cerebral cortex, subcortical structures, and axons adjacnet to the lateral ventricle
- abnormalities of the basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum
Cerebral Palsy
42
# What neuronal disorder has these deficits?
- abnormal muscle tone (hypertonia, hypotonia)
- abnormal movements: ataxia, dyskinesia
- somatosensory impairments, pain, incontinence, impaired eye movements and vision, intellectual disability, language deficits, seizures
- gait dysfunction, impaired motor skills, paresis
Cerebral Palsy
43
# What neuronal disorder has this etiology?
- abnormal development in utero, metabolic abnormalities, disorders of the immune system, coagulation disorders, infection, trauma or rarely hypoxia
Cerebral Palsy
44
# What type of cerebral palsy is this?
very low muscle tone, impaired ability or inability to move; lesion of upper motor neurons
Hypotonic
45
# What type of cerebral palsy is this?
Paresis, muscle shortening, increased muscle resistance to movement; lesions of upper motor neurons
Spastic
46
# What type of cerebral palsy is this?
slow, writhing movements, jerky movementsm and/or sustained involuntary postures; basal ganglia abnormalites
Dykinetic
47
# What type of cerebral palsy is this?
incoordination, shaking during voluntary movements; thalamic and cerebellar abnormalities
Ataxic
48
When does delayed maturation of neuronal and glia cells occur
apenic, ischemic, and inflammatory events during preterm
49
What is associated with cognitive, motor and emotional development and reduced social skills during childhood
alteration of white matter
50
What is group of rare, progessive, metabolic, genetic diseases that affect brain, spinal cord and after peripheral nerves
Leukodystrophies
51
What is delayed loss of function?
Growing into deficit
