Neuroembryology (Cornell)

Question 1

the proteins secreted by the notochord that bind BMP4 secreted by the ectodermal cells, allowing for their neural differentiation

Answer 1

noggin and chordin

Question 1

posteriorizing signals secreted from trunk mesoderm that induce spinal cord development

Answer 1

FGF and Wnt

Question 2

neuronal migration disturbance that results from the lack of formation of sulci and gyri, creating a “smooth brain” appearance

Answer 2

lissencephaly

Question 3

the neural tube layer adjacent to the ventircle lumen, and was once the apical side of the neural plate

Answer 3

ependymal

Question 4

stage 4 in neural development is characterized by the proliferation of _____, which are the precursors to neurons

Answer 4

neuroblasts

Question 4

condition that is characterized by numerous small abnormal gyri with shallow or absent intervening sulci

Answer 4

polymicrogyria

Question 6

the notochord secretes growth factors that induce overlying ectodermal cells to differentiate into what structure?

Answer 6

neural plate (neural ectoderm)

Question 6

condition that results from the failure of the anterior neuropore to close

Answer 6

anencephaly

Question 6

a disorder in which the volume of one cerebral hemisphere is much greater than normal, due to an error in the control of brain cell proliferation on the affected side

Answer 6

hemimegalencephaly

Question 6

condition in which gyri are broad, shallow, and reduced in number as a result of defective neuronal migration (thick brain)

Answer 6

pachygryia

Question 7

extends the length of the neural tube and divides dorsal from ventral

Answer 7

sulcus limitans

Question 8

post-mitotic neurons travel to their proper position in the mature brain by attaching to and migrating along ____ ___, whose processes extend from the ventricle to the cortical surface

Answer 8

radial glia

Question 9

in neural tube development, ventral patterning, midline development, and the bilateral spliting of the forebrain all result from the expression of what gene?

Answer 9

sonic hedgehog

Question 10

regions of thickened ectoderm lateral to the neural plate that give rise to neurons and glia of the cranial ganglia

Answer 10

neurogenic placodes

Question 11

in neuronal migration, which cells arrive to the mantle zone first and form the deepest layer of the cortical plate (VI)?

Answer 11

the oldest cells

Question 13

a group of growth factors from flanking non-neural ectoderm cells, that signal dorsal patterning during neural tube development

Answer 13

bone morphogenetic proteins

Question 14

after leaving the cell cycle neurons migrate to the _____ zone, which later becomes the gray matter of the spine/brainstem

Answer 14

mantle

Question 15

condition characterized by a severe brain malformation that results from a defect in ventralizing signal (SHH mutation)

Answer 15

holoprosencephaly

Question 16

defects of the neural crest are called ______ and include common disorders (ie, cleft palate) as well as a variety of rare disorders (ie, Hirschprung’s disease)

Answer 16

neurocristopathies

Question 17

the three germ layers of the early embryo

Answer 17

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 19

most ventral part of the spinal cord

Answer 19

floor plate

Question 21

milder form of holoprosencephaly, in which there is a defect in the formation of midline forebrain structures and absence of the spetum pellucidum

Answer 21

septo-optic dysplasia

Question 22

to compensate for increased cortical area without increasing skull size, the cortex folds, creating what features?

Answer 22

sulci and gyri

Question 23

During neurulation cells of medial neural plate come to reside in the ______ neural tube, while those in the lateral neural plate come to reside in the _____ neural tube.

Answer 23

ventral; dorsal

Question 25

type of patterning that occurs along the length of the neural tube, dividing it into broad territories

Answer 25

dorsoventral patterning

Question 26

collections of normal appearing neurons in an abnormal location

Answer 26

cortical heterotopia

Question 27

outer non-nuclear layer of the neural tube that was once the basal side of the neural plate, and later becomes the white matter

Answer 27

marginal zone

Question 28

During neurulation, these cells delaminate from the lateral edge of the neural plate, migrate to various places in the embryo, and differentiate into an array of cell types

Answer 28

neural crest cells

Question 29

neuroblast mitosis takes place in the ______ zone

Answer 29

subventricular

Question 30

the early embryonic layer from which the notochord is derived

Answer 30

mesoderm

Question 31

a genetic disorder in which myelin fails to form properly in both the central and peripheral nervous systems during childhood, leading to progressive weakness, blindness, hypotonia and dementia

Answer 31

metachromatic leukodystrophy

Question 32

part of the cord that contains somatic and autonomic motor neurons

Answer 32

basal lamina (basal plate) (ventral)

Question 33

the protein that acts in an autocrine fashion on ectodermal cells, preventing their differentiation into the neural plate

Answer 33

BMP4

Question 34

part of the cord that contains sensory and coordinating neurons

Answer 34

alar lamina (alar plate) (dorsal)

Question 35

condition that results from the failure of the dorsal neural tube to close

Answer 35

spina bifida