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Neurology > neuroglia > Flashcards

neuroglia Flashcards

1
Q

term for brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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2
Q

everything outside the central nervous system

A

peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

system that carries afferent information to the CNS and carries efferent instructions from the CNS to effectors

A

peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

division of the PNS: controls skeletal muscles

A

somatic nervous system

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5
Q

division of the PNS: controls heart, smooth muscle in viscera, blood vessels, and glands

A

autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

division of the ANS: resting and digesting. the Vagus nerve carries most of the output

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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7
Q

division of the ANS: fight or flight

A

sympathetic nervous system

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8
Q

system that controls the GI tract

A

enteric nervous system

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9
Q

term meaning “glue,” cells that protect and support neurons

A

glia

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10
Q

myelin-producing cells of the PNS, wraps around about two millimeters of an axon

A

schwann cell

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11
Q

alternate term for axon

A

nerve fiber

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12
Q

alternate term for neuron

A

nerve cell

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13
Q

small gap between schwann cells along an axon

A

node of ranvier

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14
Q

shwann cells secrete a fatty myelin sheath that does what?

A

protect and insulate nerve fibres, increase speed of nerve impulse transmission

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15
Q

aka for cell body

A

soma

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16
Q

input portion of a neuron

A

dendrite

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17
Q

output portion of a neuron

A

axon

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18
Q

main purpose of a myelin layer/sheath

A

increase the speed at which impulses propagate along an axon. prevent nerve signal leakage into the surrounding interstitial fluid

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19
Q

name for cell membrane of schwann cells that form a covering for the axon

A

neurilemma

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20
Q

what is the neurilemma crucial for?

A

regeneration of damaged tissues

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21
Q

why are oligodendrocytes less effective at self repair?

A

no neurilemma

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22
Q

any of the fibres in the cytoplasm of a nerve fibre

A

neurofibrils

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23
Q

structure in the cytoplasm that play a role in the transports of substances within cytoplasm

A

neurofibrils

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24
Q

how does the neurilemma contribute to the regeneration of nerve fibres?

A

forms a regeneration tube through which the axon re-establishes its original connection

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25
Q

how long after injury does it approximately take for schwann cells to phagocytose and replace damaged myelin?

A

1 week

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26
Q

myelin-producing cells in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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27
Q

a disease that attacks oligodendrocytes

A

multiple sclerosis

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28
Q

star-shaped cells. most numerous of the CNS glial cells

A

astrocytes

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29
Q

glial cells that provide physical support to the fragile neurons, forming a matrix that keeps neurons in place

A

astrocytes

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30
Q

glial cells that have long, highly branched processes which end on the walls of capillaries. contribute to the blood-brain barrier

A

astrocytes

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31
Q

a complex filtration system that alters the permeability of brain capillaries

A

blood-brain barrier

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32
Q

structure that severely limits the passage of many harmful substances from blood to the neurons

A

blood-brain barrier

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33
Q

a substance that in excess causes excitotoxicity

A

glutamate

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34
Q

term for when cells become overexcited and die

A

excitotoxicity

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35
Q

structure that hinders the delivery of many potentially important therapeutic agents to the brain

A

blood-brain barrier

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36
Q

structure that is permeable to alcohol, amphetamines, and some toxic metals. efficiency can be affected by trauma, radiation, hypertension, and infection

A

blood-brain barrier

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37
Q

a presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron, and astrocyte wrap around neurons to form what?

A

tripartite synapse

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38
Q

structural changes in the brain in response to new situations

A

neuroplasticity

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39
Q

the tripartite synapse contributes to what in the brain?

A

neuroplasticity

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40
Q

glial cells in the PNS that cover the surface of the cell body of unipolar neurons

A

satellite glial cells

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41
Q

glial cells that supply nutrients to the surrounding neurons, act as protective/cushioning cells

A

satellite glial cells

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42
Q

immune system cells that recognize, engulfe, and destroy infected/damaged/dead cells

A

macrophages

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43
Q

the resident macrophage immune cells of the CNS

A

microglia

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44
Q

cells that facilitate and coordinate responses between the peripheral immune system and the brain

A

microglia

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45
Q

substance released by cells that affect the behaviour of other cells

A

cytokines

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46
Q

substance that can be transported to the brain via the blood or by the vagus nerve. come in pro and anti inflammatory varieties

A

cytokines

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47
Q

reaction for which the signs are swelling, heat, altered function, redness, and pain

A

peripheral inflammation

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48
Q

reaction in the CNS that may resemble peripheral inflammation in some situations

A

neuroinflammation

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49
Q

reaction in the CNS that can be used to identify a different event driven by microglial cells, showing few if any of the cardinal signs of peripheral inflammation

A

neuroinflammation

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50
Q

process that is aimed at destroying infected neurons, viruses, and bacteria, but can also cause large amounts of collateral damage to healthy neurons

A

cytotoxic secretion by microglia

51
Q

exaggerated neuroinflammation, sickness behaviour, depressive-like behaviour, and cognitive deficits are the consequences of what?

A

microglial hyperactivation following immune challenge

52
Q

term for “self perpetuating neurotoxicity”

A

reactive microgliosis

53
Q

3 connective tissue layers that protect the CNS from rubbing against the bones of the skull and spine

A

meninges

54
Q

the tough fibrous outer layer of the meninges

A

dura mater

55
Q

part of the meninges that has 2 layers, the outer layer anchors the inner layer to the skull

A

dura mater

56
Q

the delicate fibrous middle membrane of the meninges

A

arachnoid membrane

57
Q

inner delicate vascularized membrane of the meninges that firmly adheres to the brain

A

pia mater

58
Q

cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord

A

ependymal cells

59
Q

four connecting cavities of the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid

A

ventricles of the brain

60
Q

a clear, colourless liquid that acts to lessen the impact of a blow to the head

A

cerebrospinal fluid

61
Q

substance that serves to transport hormones to other areas of the brain

A

cerebrospinal fluid

62
Q

substance produced by ependymal cells and comes from filtered blood in the ventricals of the brain

A

cerebrospinal fluid

63
Q

where does cerebrospinal fluid circulate?

A

subarachnoid space

64
Q

what helps to move CSF along?

A

cilia on the surface of ependymal cells

65
Q

what is the normal total volume of CSF?

A

125-150 ml

66
Q

what is the normal total production of CSF?

A

400-500 ml/day

67
Q

structures that carry absorbed cerebrospinal fluid back to the blood

A

dural/cranial sinuses

68
Q

vessel that carries reabsorbed CSF back to the blood

A

internal jugular veins of the neck

69
Q

structures found between the two layers of the dura mater

A

dural/cranial sinuses

70
Q

the upper dome-like portion of the skull

A

calvaria

71
Q

aka for the layer of spongy bone in the calvaria

A

diploe

72
Q

structure that gives the skull roof stiffness while leaving it reasonably light

A

diploe

73
Q

vessels that drain the diploic space to prevent the brain from overheating

A

diploic veins

74
Q

vessels in the skull that are drained by emissary veins travelling in the skull foramina

A

diploic veins

75
Q

a localized mass of extravasated (outside the blood vessel) blood, usually clotted

A

hematoma

76
Q

where do hematomas occur?

A

subdural and epidural spaces

77
Q

blood vessel that lies in a groove in a part of the parietal bone that is very thin in the region of the temple

A

middle meningeal artery

78
Q

an old collection of blood and blood breakdown products between the surface of the brain and the dura

A

chronic subdural hematoma

79
Q

the non-neuron components of the nervous system, do not produce electrical impulses

A

glia

80
Q

an active process that results when a preripheral nerve fiber is cut or crushed

A

Wallerian degeneration

81
Q

a bundle of axons in the PNS

A

nerve

82
Q

a bundle of axons in the CNS

A

tract

83
Q

aka for nerve fiber

A

axon

84
Q

aka for nerve cell

A

neuron

85
Q

nerves composed of bundles of parallel nerve axons, embedded within multilayers of connective tissue

A

peripheral nerves

86
Q

connective tissue that wraps around axons and is bundled into fascicles by the perineurium

A

endoneurium

87
Q

the sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of nerve fibers within a nerve

A

perineurium

88
Q

a bundle of nerve fibers within a nerve

A

fascicle

89
Q

the outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a peripheral nerve

A

epineurium

90
Q

layer of connective tissue that usually surrounds multiple nerve fascicles as well as blood vessels which supply the nerve

A

epineurium

91
Q

a mixture of proteins and lipids forming an insulating sheath around many nerve fibers

A

myelin

92
Q

substance that increases the speed at which impulses are conducted

A

myelin

93
Q

delicate capillary network in the endoneurium that supplies peripheral nerves with blood

A

vasa nervorum

94
Q

how much blood do peripheral nerves require to function?

A

uninterrupted supply

95
Q

type of cell that wraps around an axon

A

schwann cell

96
Q

cell that forms a fatty myelin sheath that protects and insulates nerve fibers from one another

A

schwann cell

97
Q

cells that clear away debris such as damaged tissue in response to peripheral nerve injury

A

macrophages and schwann cells

98
Q

what do macrophages and schwann cells release upon injury to the peripheral nerve

A

neurotrophic factors that enhance regrowth

99
Q

cells created in a band during Wallerian degeneration

A

Bunger cells

100
Q

What is the growth rate for human axons in small and large nerves?

A

small: 2mm/day, large: 5mm/day

101
Q

how does CNS injury differ from PNS injury

A

CNS is not followed by extensive regeneration

102
Q

what treatments exist for recovering human nerve function after CNS injury?

A

none

103
Q

immune system cells that recognize, engulf, and destroy infected, damaged, or dead cells

A

macrophages

104
Q

the resident macrophage immune cells of the CNS

A

microglia

105
Q

what do microglia do?

A

facilitate and coordinate responses between the peripheral immune system and the brain

106
Q

substances released by cells that the behaviour of other cells

A

cytokines

107
Q

how many cardinal signs of inflammation are present during neuroinflammation driven by microglial cells

A

few if any

108
Q

a process that can be aimed at destroying infected neurons, viruses, and bacteria, but can also cause large amounts of collateral damage to healthy neurons

A

cytotoxic secretion by microglia

109
Q

the consequences of microglial hyper-activation following immune challenge

A

exaggerated neuroinflammation, sickness behaviour, depressive behaviour, cognitive deficits

110
Q

what does microglia activation help in the young?

A

mounting the appropriate responses following peripheral infection

111
Q

in the aged, there the increase of inflammatory receptors on microglia. What are these microglia referred as

A

primed, reactive, or sensitized microglia

112
Q

a diverse group of plant substances found in a variety of fruits and vegetables. May improve congnitive function by inhibiting neuroinflammation

A

flavonoids

113
Q

star shaped cells

A

astrocytes

114
Q

cells that regulate vasoconstriction and vasodilation of brain blood vessels

A

astrocytes

115
Q

cells that can recycle neurotransmitters released during synaptic transmission

A

astrocytes

116
Q

structure that protects and filters blood for the brain

A

blood brain barrier

117
Q

synapse formed by a presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron, and an astrocyte

A

tripartite synapse

118
Q

synapse that contributes to neural plasticity

A

tripartite synapse

119
Q

structural changes in the brain in response to new information/stimuli/injury

A

neuroplasticity

120
Q

a heightened response to painful stimuli

A

hyperalgesia

121
Q

a painful response to a normally non-painful stimulus

A

allodynia

122
Q

cells lining the ventricles of the brain

A

ependymal cells

123
Q

cells that filter blood to produce cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal cells

124
Q

a clear, colourless liquid that acts to lessen the impact of a blow to the head

A

cerebrospinal fluid

Neurology (11 decks)

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